3. 근정전
- Geunjeongmun was the third southern gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace and the venue where the king would grant regular audiences to his officials. During a royal audience, the king would pass by Sajeongjeon Hall, walk under the eastern eaves of Geunjeongjeon Hall, and move through the court of the Geunjeongjeon compound to reach the gate. He would be seated on the king's throne, placed in the middle section of the gate, facing south. His officials would line up in the Heungnyemun Gate compound and pay homage to the king. In this way, Geunjeongmun served not only as an entrance but also as the venue where the king's governance began.
- venue (콘서트 등)장소
- grant 주다, 수여하다/ 승인하다, 허락하다
- audiences 청중(관중)/ 알현, 접견
- 朝 조정/ 왕조/ 뵙다/ 참배하다
- 會 모일 회
- eave (지붕의)처마 The eaves of a house are the lower edges of its roof.
- set set set (특정 장소에)놓다./(무대, 배경을)설정하다/ (시계를)맞추다/(상을)차리다
- pay homage to ~에 경의를 표하다
- homage 경의, 존경의 표시
- The Heungnyemun compound before Geunjeongmun was considered very important since it was where the enthronement was performed. The enthronement cerenomy which was regarded as one of the most significant national rites, ushering in a new era, was conducted mostly during the mourning peiod of the late king. I would say it is not the grand ceremony teeming with joyous festive mood as you would expect. For the enthronement ceremony, which took place on the sixth day since the king passed away, The heir changed his mourning clothes into his formal robes in the mourning hut set in front of the royal coffin hall, and he was granted the royal seal, a symbol of king's authority. Then he was escorted to Geunjeongmun riding the sedan chair, ascended to the throne by being seated on the king's chair set up on the gate facing south, and received congratulatory cheers from his officials.
- enthronement 즉위(식)
- perform (일, 과제 등을)행하다,수행하다.실시하다/ 공연(연주)하다
- usher 좌석 안내원/ ..을 안내하다(in)/ ..의 도래를 알리다(in)
- mourning peiod 애도기간
- conduct 행동하다/ 지휘하다/ 이끌다, 안내하다/ (업무 등을)수행하다, 처리하다/ (전기)전도하다
- grand 웅장한
- teem with (사람, 동물 등으로)바글(와글)거리다
- teem 충만하다. 풍만하다/가득차다
- joyous 아주 기뻐하는/ 기쁜
- festive 축제의
- mood 기분
- expect 예상하다, 기대하다
- mourning clothes 상복
- take place 개최되다. 일어나다
- formal 격식을 차린/ 공식적인, 정식의
- robes (신분의 상징으로 또는 특별한 의식때 입는)예복
- mourning hut 오두막
- set set set
- coffin hall 빈전(인산(因山=왕실 장례) 때까지 임금 또는 왕비의 관을 두는 전각)
- royal seal 옥새
- authority 권위, (pl)당국
- ascend to ~로 올라가다
- throne 왕좌, 왕위, 보위
- congratulatory cheers 축하의 환호
- celebrate 기념하다/ 축하하다
- 조선시대 왕의 즉위식에서 옥쇠(왕의 인장)는 왕위 계승의 중요한 상징으로, 왕이 즉위하는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 했습니다. 즉위식에서 옥쇠를 받는 시점은 애도전(애도용 전각) 또는 비슷한 공간에서 이루어졌습니다.
- 왕위 계승식은 고인이 된 왕을 애도하는 기간 동안 진행되며, 새로운 왕은 상복을 벗고 정복을 입은 후 옥쇠를 받습니다. 이 과정은 새 왕이 공식적으로 왕위에 오른다는 의미를 지니며, 옥쇠를 받은 후 새 왕은 근정전(Geunjeongjeon) 등 왕좌가 위치한 곳으로 이동하여 왕위에 앉게 됩니다.
- 즉, 옥쇠는 왕위에 오르기 전에 애도전에서 받으며, 이를 통해 새로운 왕의 권위가 공식적으로 인정됩니다.
- 흥례문 마당은 흥례문부터 근정전 앞의 근정문까지의 일대 넓은 공간
- As such, most of the kings went through the simple enthronement at the gate of the main throne hall during the late king's mourning period. However, there were exceptions to this practice. For example, some kings such as Jeongjong, Sejong, Sejo, and Yejong ascended to the throne at Geunjeongjeon Hall, not Geunjeongmun Gate, since the former kings abdicated the throne while they were still alive. On the other hand, kings like Danjong, Seongjong, Seonjo were enthroned at Geunjeongmun Gate because the former kings were already deceased. The new king took the eastern staircase to ascend to Geunjeongjeon, which was named 'accession to the throne. Afterward, the new king promulgated the inaugural message to the general public.
- most of 대부분의
- mourning period 애도기간
- abdicate 퇴위하다, 양위하다
- staircase (죽 이어져 있는)0계단
- access 접근하다/ 접속하다/ 이용하다
- accession (국가 통치자로)취임, 즉위/ (국제 기관에 )가입, 가맹/ 접근
- promulgate 널리 알리다, 반포하다
- inaugural 취임의, 첫
- inaugurate 취임하게 하다/ 개관을 선언하다
- general public 일반 대중
- general 일반적인/ 보통의/ 종합적인
- 조선시대 대부분의 왕들이 근정문에서 즉위한다. 즉위식을 치른 왕은 문을 열고 들어가 정전을 한바퀴 돌아 근정전에 오른다(역사적으로 근정전에서 즉위식을 한 왕은 세종, 세조, 중종이다)
- 왕이 승하한지 6일이 되기 전에는 죽었다 하더라도 혹 어의의 진단이 잘못되어 살아날 가능성이 있을지 모르기 때문에 6일 기간을 기다려서 즉위식을 하게됨, 즉위식때 구장복과 면류관을 쓰고 예식이 끝나면 상복으로 다시 갈아 입었다가 26일간 상주로서 빈소를 지킨다.
- 정종, 세종, 단종, 세조, 성종, 명종, 선조 등 총 일곱 임금의 즉위식이 거행된 장소
- Value 가치/ 소중하게(가치있게)생각하다(여기다)
- Geunjeongmun Gate, which leads to Geunjeongjeon Hall, has two small gates on either side: 'Ilhwamun' to the east and 'Wolhwamun' to the west. The name 'Ilhwa' refers to the bright sun, and 'Wolhwa' refers to the moon. These names were given based on the idea of yin and yang. According to records, civil officials used 'Ilhwamun', while military officials used 'Wolhwamun'.
- lead 안내하다, 이끌다/ (사물, 장소로)연결되다
- civil officials 문관
- military officials 무관
- The Joseon Dynasty fully adopted Confucianism as the basic philosophy for governing the country and placed great importance on the administration led by civil officials. You will find several features of Confucian ideology reflected on the layout of Gyeongbokgung buildings.
- adopt 입양하다/ 채택하다
- national administration 국정 운영
- administration 통치, 행정
- the civil[military]
- feature 특징, 특성/ 이목구비/ 특집(기사)
- Confucian ideology 유교 이념
- ideology 이데올로기, 이념, 관념
- layout 레이아웃, 배치
- The main axis of Gyeongbokgung Palace divides the entire area from east to west based on the yin and yang dualism, creating distinct eastern and western sections. Yang is associated with the east, the sun, heaven, spring, masculinity, odd numbers, activeness, brightness, and warmth, while yin is linked to the west, the moon, earth, fall, femininity, even numbers, passiveness, darkness, and cold. Yang is considered superior to yin. This philosophy is reflected even in the arrangement of rank stones in the palace courtyard, where markers for civil officials were placed in the east (yang) and those for military officials in the west (yin). Civil officials used the eastern section of Gwanghwamun, while military officials used the western section.
- The eastern area includes Geonchunmun Gate, Ilhwamun, Yungmunnu Tower, Manchunjeon Hall, Yeonsaengjeon Hall, and the crown prince's residence, while the western area contains Yeongchumun Gate, Wolhwamun, Yungmuru Tower, Cheonchujeon Hall, and Gyeongseongjeon Hall. Gwanghwamun, the south gate, is considered yang, while Sinmumun, the north gate, is seen as yin. Additionally, Hyangwonji Pond, which is square with a round inner islet, symbolizes the Taoist belief that the sky is round and the earth is square, further representing the harmony between yin and yang.
- main axis 중심축
- associate 연상하다, 관련짓다, 어울리다
- is associated with ~와 관련되다
- based on ~에 근거하여
- refer to
- 참조하다, 조회하다, 문의하다
- 언급하다, (…을 …이라고) 부르다[to, as]
- extend (기한을)연장하다/ (사업 등)확대(확장)하다
- architect 건축가
- architecture 건축, 건축학
- architectural 건축의, 건축학의
- is referred to as ~로 불리다
- illustrate 예증하다/(책 등에)삽화를 넣다
- view 견해, 의견/ 관점/ 시야/ 경관
- represent 대표하다, 나타내다, 보여주다
Now, please stand in the courtyard in front of Geunjeongmun.
In front of you, you can see Geunjeongjeon Hall. It stands on a high, two-level stone platform and looks very strong and important.
Jeong Do-jeon, who helped found the Joseon Dynasty, named this main hall “Geunjeongjeon,” which means “Hall of Diligent Government.” He wanted to show that a king must always work hard and be serious about ruling the country.
He also referred to historical events to advise the king on how to rule the country. He reminded the king that good leadership is very important.
He believed that both the king and his officials should rule the country only for the people. They should work hard, stay humble, and avoid laziness or pride.
- tired 줄(단)로 배열된/ (합성어)...개의 줄(단)로 된
- tier 줄. 단. 단계
- dignity 위엄, 존엄성
- commanding 지휘하는/ (시합등에서)우세한/ 위엄있는
- top priority 최우선
- stage 단계/ 무대/ 상연하다/ 계획하다, 훌륭히 수행하다
- deny 부인하다. 부정하다/ (도덕적, 종교적 이유로)(~을)자제하다
- arrogance 오만
- idleness 게으름, 나태
- referred to 참고하다/언급하다/인용하다
Geunjeongjeon was the main throne hall in Gyeongbokgung Palace. Its courtyard was used for important national ceremonies, such as the king’s coronation, New Year greetings, the appointment of the crown prince, and welcoming foreign envoys.
As part of royal rituals, Joseon kings performed a ceremony called “Manggwollye(望闕禮),” where they looked toward the Chinese emperor’s palace from a distance. They also received official letters from the Chinese emperor delivered by envoys, and accepted formal greetings from court officials.
For ceremonies to welcome state guests, called “Billye,” the king sometimes went in person to the Guest Hall of Peace (Taepyeonggwan-太平館) to meet the Chinese delegation. However, diplomats from nearby countries like Japan and Ryukyu (modern Okinawa) were received at the main throne hall.
- enthronement 즉위
- investiture 수여(임명)식
- reception 접수처/ 환영 연회/ 환영/ (다리도 등의)접수 상태
- imperial 제국의, 황제의
- from a distance 멀리서
- distance 거리/ 먼 곳
- imperial letters 칙서
- envoy 사절, 특사
- courtesy calls 예방
- courtesy 예의, 호의, 의례적인
- call 전화/ 방문
- state guests 국빈
- Guest Hall 영빈관 = reception hall
- delegation 대표단
- coming-of-age ceremony 성년식
- occasion 때, 경우/ 행사, 의식
- Royal Ancestral Rites (종묘제례, Jeongmyo Jerye)**는 조선 왕조에서 왕과 왕비, 왕족들의 신위를 기리기 위해 정기적으로 개최된 중요한 제례 의식
- royal banquets 왕실 연회
- ancestral rites 제사
- “조상 제사를 지낸 뒤, 그것을 기념하는 큰 왕실 잔치도 이 전각에서 열렸다” 입니다.
- In the courtyard, royal announcements were made, state civil service exams were held, the list of successful candidates was published, and banquets were given to honor senior officials.
- state examination 국가고시
- release 풀어주다/ 공개(발표)하다
- paying respect to ~에 경의를 표하다. ...를 존중하다
- senior official 고관. 정부 고위층
- senior 고위의/ 연장자, 손윗사람/ 상급자/ 상급 학생/ 성인
- the list of successful candidates 합격자 명단
- honor senior officials. 고위 관리들을 예우하다/기리다/공경하다
The courtyard of Geunjeongjeon Hall is called the royal court. The ground is covered with thin granite stones called bakseok. In the center, there is a three-lane pathway, and rank stones are placed on both sides of it.
These small stones show where court officials should stand during official ceremonies, depending on their rank.
Civil officials stood on the east side, while military officials stood on the west side, facing each other.
- 품계석
- royal court 조정
- court 법원(법정)/ (테니스)코트/ 궁궐(대궐)
- granite [ˈɡrænɪt] 화강암
- lane 길/ 도로/ 차선/ (경주, 수영 대회의)레인
- court officials 조정 대신
When royal ceremonies were held at Geunjeongjeon, the king moved from his residence, Gangnyeongjeon Hall, to the council hall, Sajeongjeon Hall. He then passed through Sajeongmun Gate in a sedan chair and ascended the throne in Geunjeongjeon.
At that time, it is believed that he entered Geunjeongjeon through the rear gate and took his seat on the throne.
The king also held regular meetings with all government officials in the court four times a month—on the 5th, 11th, 21st, and 25th days.
- royal 국왕의/ 왕족
- sedan chair 가마
- take a seat 앉다.
Only in the royal courtyard of the Geunjeongjeon complex can you fully appreciate the solemn beauty of the thin stone slabs made from roughly cut granite.
On rainy days, you can also see something special—the water flowing southward and running over the granite stone surfaces near the southeastern corridor.
- solemn 엄숙한, 근엄한
- awesome 경탄할 만한
- hew (도구를 써서 큰것을)자르다
- granite 그래니트 화강암
- highlight 강조하다/ 가장 좋은(흥미로운)부분
- watercourse 수로, 운하/ 물줄기
- drench 흠뻑 적시다
- corridor 복도, 회랑/ 통로
- 기단 stylobate
- 건축물 아래에 흙이나 돌을 쌓아 건축물을 주변의 지면보다 높혀주는 것을 말한다
- a continuous base supporting a row of columns in classical Greek architecture
- thin stone slabs 얇은 석판
Then, what were the iron rings embedded in the thin granite stones around the rank markers used for?
Old European buildings also had rings on their outer walls to tie horse bridles. Because of this, some people think these rings in Geunjeongjeon may have had the same purpose.
When tourists are asked this question, most of them answer that the rings were used to tie horse reins.
However, according to old paintings and the Uigwe (Royal Protocols), these rings were actually used to to hold down large ceremonial canopies that provided shade from the sun.
You can find these rings not only in the courtyard, but also on the pillars and the green horizontal beams of the hall.
- 박석고리
- 해 가리개용 차일을 칠 때 그 끈을 고정시켰던 것
- 근정전 기둥이나 창방에도 박혀있다
- 3품까지의 고위관리가 서는 위치까지만 발견된다
- use 사용, 이용/ 용도, 쓰임새
- stick 찌르다, 붙이다
- bridle 굴레
- fasten 매다 = tie
- rein (복수로)고삐
- Bridle = whole system on the horse’s head
- Reins = the straps you hold in your hands
- 재갈: 말을 부리기 위하여 아가리에 가로 물리는 가느다란 막대. 보통 쇠로 만들었는데 굴레가 달려 있어 여기에 고삐를 맨다.
- 고삐: 말이나 소를 몰거나 부리려고 재갈이나 코뚜레, 굴레에 잡아매는 줄.
- 굴레: 마소의 머리에 씌워 고삐에 연결한 물건
- fix 고정시키다/ 수선하다
- marquee [mɑːrˈkiː] 대형천막
- royal ceremonies 왕실 의례
- horizontal 수평의
- 창방 horizontal beam
- 공포가 구성되는 목조 건축물의 기둥머리에서 기둥과 기둥을 연결시켜주는 부재
Royal Protocols
refers to official historical records that describe how royal ceremonies and state affairs were carried out in a kingdom.
The Royal Protocols, called Uigwe, are made of both detailed writing and beautiful drawings. The drawings are very colorful and show exactly how important events looked.
왕실의궤는 글+그림이 함께 있는 기록임
The royal court of Geunjeongjeon is surrounded by corridor buildings on all four sides. All of the corridor buildings, except the northern one, have a double-corridor structure with pillars in the center.
During King Gojong’s reign, the spaces between the central pillars were divided with wooden panels and used as offices and storage rooms. Many separate rooms were created by attaching wooden walls and installing doors. You can still see traces of these doors on the central pillars.
The eastern corridor has Yungmunnu (Tower of Flourishing Literary Arts), and the western corridor has Yungmuru (Tower of Flourishing Martial Arts).
Placing these two towers on opposite sides, the Joseon court emphasized the balance between civil and military power and their equal importance in state affairs. Yungmunnu was also used to store official documents.
- compartment 객실, 칸
- materialize 실현하다. 구체화하다
- 융문루: 융성하는 문예 누각
- 융무루: 융성하는 무예 누각
- flourishing 융성하는/번영하는(형용사 역할)
Interestingly, officials from Saheonbu (the Office of the Inspector-General) would go up to Yungmunnu and Yungmuru to supervise the officials attending the regular court audiences. This was because the two towers were located in the middle of the rows of court officials.
Saheonbu was responsible for inspecting both central and local government administration, monitoring officials’ behavior and discipline, and impeaching officials when necessary.
In addition, Yungmunnu was also the place where the king’s carriage was positioned.
- array 집합체/ 배열
- oversee 감독하다
- supervise 감독하다/관리하다/지휘하다
- regular court audiences 정기적이 조회
- discipline 규율
- 관리들의 행동과 기강을 감시/감독하다
- Inspector-General 감사관
- inspect 점검(검사,감사)하다/ 순시(사찰)하다. 사열하다
- monitor 감시하다/관착하다/감독하다
- regulate 규제(통제, 단속)하다/ 조절(조정)하다
- conduct (특정한 활동을)하다/ 지휘하다/ (장소를)안내하다/ 행동하다. 처신하다
- discipline 훈련/ 기율, 기강, 질서/ 징계, 징벌
- impeach 탄핵(비난, 고소)하다
- In addition 게다가, 덧붙여
- position 위치, 자리/ (특정한 위치에)두다, 배치하다
When you look at the eastern and western corridors from the Geunjeongjeon platform, you will notice another interesting feature in the corridor roofs.
The roofline lowers twice, following the shape of the ground. This is due to the difference in ground height between the northern and southern sides of the Geunjeongjeon complex.
When the stone base of the corridor buildings drops down one step, it creates a difference of about 50 centimeters. Since the stone base has two steps downward, there is a total height difference of about one meter between the northern and southern ends of the courtyard.
However, this difference is not easy to notice because the courtyard has a gentle slope that allows rainwater to drain smoothly.
By adjusting the rooflines as well as the stone bases, the architects showed the changes in the ground’s height and flow. This same method was also used when building walls on steep slopes.
This is an example of refined architectural design, adding variation to lines that could otherwise look plain and monotonous.
- level 정도/ 수준/ (지면의)높이
- feature 특징/특성
- ensure 보장하다
- exquisiteness 정교함
- exquisite (세공물 등이)정교한/ 아주 아름다운, 아주 훌륭한
- variation 변화(차이)
- notice 알아차리다/눈치채다/발견하다/주목하다
The center staircase leading to the stone platforms of Geunjeongjeon Hall is called the royal steps. In the middle of the steps is a stone path called dapdo, which literally means “the stone path the king steps on.” However, the king usually did not walk on it. Instead, he passed over it while riding in a sedan chair.
The dapdo in front of Geunjeongjeon Hall has carvings of two bonghwang — Chinese phoenixes — flying among the clouds. In Korean tradition, the male bird is called bong and the female is called hwang. These mythical birds were believed to live in empress tree(paulownia trees), eat bamboo fruit, and never harm living creatures. People believed that they appeared only during times of peace and prosperity.
Because of this meaning, the phoenixes carved on the royal steps show the people’s wish for a wise king who would bring peace and happiness to the country.
When you look at these birds, still remaining in the palace after so many years, you may feel that the kings of Joseon truly cared for their people. Or perhaps the birds are still waiting for the return of a peaceful and prosperous age.
Sadly, the carvings have become more and more worn over time, and they are now in danger of disappearing completely.
- royal steps 어도
- sedan chair (뚜껑이 없고 의자같이 된)가마
- phoenixes 불사조
- mystic 신비로운, 수수께끼같은/ 신비적인, 초자연적인
- mythical 신화의/ 전설상의
- creature 창조물/ 생물, 동물
- empress tree 도동나무
- paulownia [pɔ:lóuniə] 오동나무
- auspicious bird 길조
- sage [séidƷ] 슬기로운, 현명한
- usher [ˈʌʃə(r)] 안내하다
- in expectation of ~을 기대(예상)하여
- linger 남다(계속되다). 더 오래 머물다
- blur 흐릿하게 만들다/ (눈이)흐려지다
- blurred 흐릿한, 희미한
- critical condition 빈사상태, 위험한 상태
- critical 비판적인/ 위태로운
- in no time 당장에, 곧
On both sides of the bonghwang, you can see statues of haechi. On the royal steps, there are carved arabesque patterns. These designs were meant to wish for the long-lasting prosperity of the dynasty.
It is said that during state ceremonies, only “dangsanggwan” (officials of 3rd rank and above) stood on the upper stone platform, while musicians sat on the lower platform.
- hold 들다, 받치다/ (그릇에 액체등을)담다/ (방 등이 사람을)수용하다/ 개최하다
- seat 앉다/ 않히다
- statue 사람·동물의 형상을 조각한 작품
Right now, you’re standing where the Joseon kings used to face south.
The platform called “woldae” (moon-watching stand) literally means a raised platform where you can view the moon. However, in architecture, it has a deeper symbolic meaning. It is a raised stone base that lifts the building higher, showing the importance and dignity of the structure.
- stirring 감동시키는, 고무하는/ 활발한, 번화한
- stir 젓다, 썩다/ 약간 흔들다/ 자극하다, 마음을 흔들다
- layout 배치
- magnificent 웅장한/ 참으로 아름다운
- perspective 관점, 시각/ 원근법/ (멀리서 바라보는)전망
- stand 서다/ 태도/ 가판대/ (경기장)스탠드(관중석)/ (연주, 연석자가 올라서는)연단
- architecturally 건축학상
- stylobate [stáiləbèit] 대좌, 기단
- At this point 이 시점에서
- 이 시점에서 당신은 다른 장소로 이동하기 전에 몸을 돌려 남쪽의 근정문 방향을 바라보게 됩니다. 여기서 보면 얇은 화강암으로 깔린 궁궐 마당의 풍경이 매우 인상적으로 느껴지고, 광화문까지 이어지는 일직선의 건물 배치가 웅장하고 장엄하게 보입니다.
당신은 지금 조선의 왕이 남쪽을 바라보던 방향에 서 있는 것입니다.
‘월대(woldae, 月臺)’라고 불리는 이 플랫폼은 문자 그대로는 달을 감상하는 높은 대(臺)를 의미합니다. 그러나 건축적으로는 더 깊은 상징적 의미를 가지고 있습니다. 건물을 한층 높여 올린 석조 기단으로서, 건물의 위상과 권위를 더욱 돋보이게 하는 역할을 합니다.
The stone platforms of Geunjeongjeon are decorated more elaborately than those of other buildings. Shall we take a closer look at the designs?
Geunjeongjeon has a two-layer platform structure: an upper platform and a lower platform. Large stone base blocks surround the platform. Lotus-shaped balusters support the octagonal railing stones.
The lotus-shaped baluster is a beautifully carved support stone, with bead-like ornaments in the middle and lotus petals carved symmetrically above and below.
- compared to ~와 비교하여
- elaborately 정교하게, 세밀하게, 공들여서
- plinth (기둥 동상 등을 올려놓는)주추
- baluster [ˈbæləstə(r)] 난간을 받치는 작은 기둥
- octogonal 8각형의
- railing 난간, 가로장/ 레일, 궤도
- beaded 구슬로 장식한
- bead 구슬, 염부
- symmetry [ˈsɪmətri] 대칭, 균형
- symmetrically above and below 상하 대칭으로
A number of animal statues are placed on the stone posts(newel posts) of the upper and lower platforms of Geunjeongjeon Hall.
First, guardian animals representing the four directions are carved in pairs on the posts along the four staircases leading to the upper platform. Each staircase has one animal on the left side and one on the right side.
- in pairs 둘씩 짝을 지어
- situate 놓다. 두다. 위치시키다
- newel 엄지 기둥, 중심기둥
- post 우편/ 기둥
- Second, statues of the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac are also placed on the stone posts along the upper and lower platforms. Interestingly, however, not all of them are in their proper positions. The dog and the pig are missing, and some of the other animals appear out of place.
-
Among them, the rat, which represents midnight, is placed on the north side, while the horse, symbolizing noon, stands on the south side. Take a closer look at the horses. Their round faces and gentle expressions make them look almost like adorable baby animals blinking their eyes.
Perhaps the most memorable figure among the zodiac animals is the monkey. Ahem… she stands there with a calm, detached expression, as if she has experienced all the ups and downs of life. Her face almost makes you sympathize with her—but at the same time, you cannot help but smile at her expression.
- sign 부호, 기호/ 신호/ 표지, 표시/ 징후/ (동의어)zodiac
- position 위치/ 자리, 제자리/ 입장
- out of place 제자리에 있지 않는
- represent 대표하다/ 나타내다
- stand for ~을 나타내다. 상징하다
- adorable 사랑스러운
- blink 눈을 깜박이다
- highlight 강조하다/ 두두러진 부분, 빛나는 장면, 인기물, 압권
- Ahem [əhém] 으흠(관심을 끌려고 할때 헛기침)
- stand aloof ~에서 떨어져 서다, 초연하다
- aloof 멀리서, 떨어져서/ 쌀쌀한, 무관심한
- ups and downs 오르내림, 기복, 고저, 성쇠
- sympathize 동정하다. 측은히 여기다
- can not help but do ~하지 않을 수 없다.
- burst into 갑자기 ~하다
- burst 터지다, 파열하다
- Third, the haechi family statues are placed on both corners of the southern stone platform. They are faithfully doing their job as the king’s guards. The baby haechis look very cute as they cling tightly to their mother. Maybe They look as if they are feeding from their mother. Through these statues, we can feel their loyal promise to protect the king from one generation to the next. The book Hangyeonggiryak described this animal family as stone dogs.
- # Hangyeonggiryak is a history and geography book about Hanyang, the old name of Seoul, during the late Joseon Dynasty.
- faithfully 충실히
- king's guards 왕의 호위병
- stick 찌르다, 찔리다, 박히다/ 붙이다, 달라붙다
- glimpse 잠깐(언뜻)보다
- loyal 충실한, 충성스러운
- loyal determination 충실한 결의
- determination 투지/ 결정
- made of ~로 만든
- cling 달라붙다
- feed 먹이를 주다/먹이를 먹다
- “feeding from their mother” can mean “drinking/suckling their mother’s milk.”
- loyal promise 충성스런 약속
Even though the stone statues on the Geunjeongjeon platforms are showing their teeth and trying to look scary, they do not really look frightening at all.
Do you remember the funny cheollok statues you saw earlier on Yeongjegyo Bridge? They appeared unexpectedly in the serious atmosphere of the palace and probably made you smile. It is amusing to find such humorous faces in a solemn royal place.
We can guess that the artisans who made these statues had a good sense of humor and reflected their own personalities in their work. Artists naturally put their own feelings and tastes into what they create, and these lively stone statues show that very clearly.
- frighten 겁먹게하다
- scary 무서운
- frightening 무서운
- amusing 즐거운
- clench (주먹을)꽉쥐다 (이를)악물다
- grim 엄숙한/ 암울한
- appearance 모습, 외모/ 나타남
- caught you off guard 허를 찌르다, 방심을 틈타다
- hilarious [hilέəriəs] 아주 우스운
- run into ~와 충돌하다/ ~와 우연히 만나다
- facial expression 얼굴 표정
- solemn 엄숙한
- figure out (단순히 알아내다 보다는)(곰곰히 생각해서)알아내다/ (어떤 내용을)이해하다
- dignified 위엄있는/ 품위있는
- fierce 사나운
- intimidate 겁을 주다/ 위협하다
- granite [ˈɡrænɪt] 화강암
- rough 거친/ 대강의
- go against the grain 기질에 맞지 않다. 자기 기호에 거스르다
- grain 낟알, 곡물/ (목재)결
- feature 특색, 특징/ 이목구비/ 특집기사
- appearance 모습, 외모/ 나타남
- demonstrate 시위하다/ 증명하다, 입증하다/ 나타내다, 보여주다, 설명하다
- crude 천연 그대로의/ 조잡한, 거친
- “Instead of forcing it 억지로 만들려고 하지 않고
- Incense burners have a round, bulging body with three legs and two handles. During official ceremonies, incense was burned in these large burners placed at both corners of Geunjeongjeon Hall. According to a photo taken in the early 1900s, the incense burners originally had lids.
- Burning incense was believed to be one of the ways for people to communicate with heaven. The three legs symbolize royal power, dignity, and wealth. The legs are shaped like sanye, a dragon-like animal that is said to enjoy fire and smoke. The rim is decorated with the eight trigrams engraved on it.
- Incense Burners 향로
- bulge 가득차다, 불룩하다
- bulging 튀어나온
- belly 배, 둥그런 부분
- cauldron 가마솥
- incense [ínsens]향,
- incense 몹시 화나게하다
- think of a as b a를b로 생각하다
- signify 의미하다. 나타내다
- authority 권위
- royal authority 왕의 권위
- dignity 위엄, 존엄
- wealth 부
- pattern 본떠서 만들다/ 무늬, 모양, 양식
- looking (복합어를 이루어)..으로 보이는, ..한 얼굴을 한
- flame 불꽃
- trigram 괘
Next to the eastern and western staircases of the lower stone platform, you can see deumeu, large iron water pots. Today, the pots are covered with plastic lids to prevent visitors from throwing trash inside, so it may be hard to understand their original purpose.
In the past, deumeu were used to store water in case of fire. During the Joseon Dynasty, most buildings were made mainly of wood, except for roof tiles and stone foundations, so they were very vulnerable to fire. In addition, many palace buildings were connected by corridors, which made fires spread more easily.
People in the Joseon period believed that fire monsters came down from heaven. They thought that when a fire monster approached a building, it would see its own reflection in the water of the deumeu, become frightened, and fly away.
The supporting stones beneath the pots still show burn marks, which suggest that fires were lit underneath to keep the water from freezing in winter. It is also said that people cooked red-bean porridge in the deumeu and shared it on the winter solstice.
- mindless 아무 생각 없는
- pot 항아리, 단지
- jar 병, 단지
- use 사용. 이용/ 용도, 쓰임새
- set on fire ~에 불을 지르다/ 흥분시키다. 격분시키다
- vulnerable 취약한, 연약한
- foundation 토대(기초)/ 설립/ 재단
- footing 발을 디딤/ 기반(토대)
- structure 구조, 건축물
- reflection 반사/ (거울 등에 비친)상(모습)/ 심사숙고
- scorch 그슬리다
- burn marks 불에 탄 흔적
- red-bean porridge 팟죽
- porridge 걸쭉하게 쑨 죽
- solstice[sάlstəs] 동지, 하지, 지점(태양이 적도로 부터 북쪽 남쪽으로 가장 치우쳤을때)
- A Single-Story Building with a High Open Interior
- column [ˈkɑːləm] 기둥
- brick 벽돌
- notice (보거나 듣고)알다/ 주목하다
- state ceremonies
- ordinary 보통의, 일상적인, 평범한
- Seven-clawed Dragons.
The center part of the ceiling is slightly raised to form a kind of canopy. Small wooden brackets are assembled together and decorated with bright colors to create this canopy-style ceiling. It is believed that this design may have originated from umbrellas once used for noblemen.
In the center of the canopy ceiling, a pair of carved dragons hang close to the ceiling, attached with small iron rings, showing their powerful and energetic presence. The two wooden dragons are covered with gold, symbolizing that Geunjeongjeon Hall was a place where the king presided with absolute authority.
However, touching the dragon’s reverse scale symbolizes actions that go against the king’s intentions.
During the Joseon Dynasty, scholar-officials with strong moral convictions sometimes chose to risk their lives by “touching the reverse scale.” They spoke out against the king when necessary, even at the risk of death, in order to uphold their principles. Through their sacrifices, they helped preserve the spirit and values of the nation.
The dragons on the ceiling of Geunjeongjeon Hall have seven claws. In ancient times, dragons were often classified by the number of claws they had. Dragons representing emperors or kings usually had five claws. For this reason, it may seem unusual to see seven-clawed dragons in a hall used by the kings of the Joseon Dynasty. Perhaps they were placed on the ceiling to inspire and encourage the people of Joseon. Thinking about this gives me a warm feeling.
- canopy 덮개
- put together 조립하다. 합치다
- ancon 첨차/ 장식용 받침대/일반적으로 건물의 기둥 위와 다른 구조물에 장식적인 역할을 하며, 기둥이나 벽에 붙어서 구조를 지원하는 역할을 한다
- assume 추정하다/ (권력을)맡다/ (양상을)띠다/ ..인척하다
- originate (자) 비롯하다. 유래하다/ (타)고안하다, 생각해 내다. 발명하다
- hang (자)(타)걸리다. 걸다
- vigorous 활발한, 활기찬
- vigorous spirit 활기찬 기상
- plate 접시/ 도금하다
- preside 주재하다. 주도하다
- wield 행사하다. 휘두르다
- absolute power 절대 권력
- check 살피다. 점검하다/ 억제하다. 억누루다
- brackets 받침대, 괄호, 버팀대/ 건축에서는 구조물이나 장식물의 지지 역할을 하는 받침, 또는 작식용 지지대
- exercise 행사하다, 발휘하다/운동하다
- 근정전(Geunjeongjeon) 천정의 용 조각은 작은 철제 고리로 천장 가까이에 매달려 있습니다.
- status 신분, 자격/ 지위
- invest 투자하다/ 주다. 수여하다. 부여하다/ (어떤 성질 능력을)지니게 하다. 부여하다
- great virtues 위대한 미덕, 위대한 덕목
- stern 엄격한, 단호한
- forgiving 너그러운
- have it that ~에 따르면 ~이다
- stick 찌르다. 박다/ 붙이다
- dignity 위엄/ 품위
- generosity 너그러움
- ordinary time 여느때
- accidently 우연히, 뜻하지 않게, 잘못하여
- readily 기꺼이, 손쉽게/ 즉시
- depending on ..에 따라
- Speaking of ..에 관하여 말한다면, ..의 이야기라면
- scholar officials 사대부
- upright mind and spirit 곧은 심신
- revive 되살리다/ 재공연하다
- vital 생명의/ 필수적인, 극히 중요한/ 치명적인
- soul 혼, 마음, 정신
- spoke out against ~에 반대하여 공개적으로 말하다/~을 비판하다/~에 맞서 의견을 밝히다
- antiquity 고대/ 고대 유물
- morale 사기
- delightful 정말 기분 좋은, 마음에 드는
- embody 구체화하다, 구현하다/ 상징하다, 포함하다.
- certain 확실한, 틀림없는/ 어떤/ 약간의
- stood up to 맞서다/대항하다
- mean to 부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 가능
- mean to ~ 할 작정이다
- mean ~ing ~을 의미하다, ~을 뜻하다
- Canopy
Above the throne in Geunjeongjeon Hall, you can see a structure similar to the canopy placed above statues of the Buddha. This canopy was installed to emphasize the dignity and authority of the king. It is beautifully decorated with layers of wooden brackets.
Under the brackets of the canopy, you can also see small poles with carved lotus buds at their ends. The lotus buds are shown as if they are submerged in water, symbolizing the wish to prevent fires.
- statue 조각상
- structure 구조/ 구조물, 건축물
- canopy 덮개
- royal authority 왕의 권위
- brilliantly 찬란하게, 훌륭히, 먹지게
- multi-layered 다층
- layered 층이 있는, 층을 이룬
- bracket 까치발, 받침대/공포
- bud 싹, 꽃봉오리
- submerge (자)잠수하다, 물속에 잠기다. / (타)물속에 잠그다. 물속에 넣다
Among the findings, the most interesting items were two sheets of red paper bearing a large Chinese character “水” (water), which was formed using more than 1,000 small “龍” (dragon) characters.
In addition, the artifacts included a drawing of a dragon made with ink on red paper, as well as five silver plates engraved with the character “水” along the edges of a hexagonal plate.
Writing the character “水” using more than 1,000 “龍” characters was believed to drive away evil spirits and prevent fire disasters by symbolically controlling water through dragons. Dragons were seen not only as symbols of royal authority but also as beings connected with the control of water.
Since wooden structures were highly vulnerable to fire, people during the Joseon Dynasty prepared these talismans as protective charms against fire. They placed them in grooves carved into beams and sealed them during the roof-raising ceremony.
- dismantle 분해하다. 해체하다
- artifact 인공물, 공예품
- along with ~와 함께
- roof-raising ceremony 상량식
- item 항목/ 물품
- ward off 피하다. 물리치다
- ward 병동, 병실, 감방/ 물리치다, 막다/ 병동 등에 수용하다
- talisman 부적 A talisman is an object which you believe has magic powers to protect you or bring you luck.
- amulet [ˈæmjʊlət] *불운 등을 막아주는)부적
- groove 홈
- dig 파다, 파내다
- charm 매력/부적/a lucky talisman (행운의 부적)
- talisman 부적
- beam 들보
- beam
→ 건물 구조를 지탱하는 긴 나무/철제 구조물
→ 천장이나 지붕을 받치는 핵심 부재 -
한국 전통건축에서는 보통:
→ 들보 (가로로 길게 놓인 큰 나무 구조) - roof-raising ceremony 상량식
- https://gogung.go.kr/gogung/pgm/psgudMng/view.do?psgudSn=362667&menuNo=800065&gubunCd=&pageIndex=1001&searchClCd=&searchCondition=&searchKeyword=
- 수자문지류/용문지류/주자명육각형은판
- Ilwolobongbyeong Screen
The throne in the main hall is raised high above the floor, with four staircases leading up to it from all sides. The armrests and the back of the royal chair are finely carved in an elaborate decorative style. Dragon, lotus, and peony patterns are used in the carvings.
Behind the throne, there is a three-panel wooden screen made using the same decorative carving technique. This screen is also decorated with patterns of dragons, lotuses, and peonies.
- throne 옥좌/ 왕위/ 왕위에 오르다
- lead 안내하다. 이끌다/ (사물.장소로)연결되다
- exquisitely 아주 아름답게/ 정교하게
- brattishing 투각(조각에서 묘사할 대상의 윤곽만을 남겨놓고 나머지 부분을 파서 구멍이 나도록 조각하거나 윤관만을 파서 구멍이 나도록 만듦/ 뚫새김)
- peony 모란
- three-folded wooden screen 3단 나무 병풍
- pattern (정형화된)양식, 패턴/ 무늬/ 본떠서 만들다(on, upon, after)/ ..에 무늬를 넣다(with)
- three-panel wooden screen 세 폭 나무 병풍/세 칸으로 이루어진 나무 병풍
- panel 판
- elaborate 정교한/공들인
- peony 모란/작약
- backdrop 배경
- mountain peak 산봉우리
- unfold 펼치다/ 나타내다. 표명하다
- splash (물이)철벅 떨어지다/ (물을)끼얹다/ (무속에서)첨벅거리다/철벅 철벅하는 소리/ 튀기기. 튀김
- cascade 작은 폭포/폭포처럼 흐르다
- rage 격노, 분노/ 격렬, 맹렬, 사나움/ 대유행/격노하다/ 날띠다/ 맹위를 떨치다
- ground 땅위에 두다/ ..의 근거(기초)를 두다
- expansively 팽창적으로/ 발전적으로/ 널따랗게
- interpret 해석(이해)하다/ 통역하다
- rule over 통치하다
- apply 신청하다. 지원하다/ 적용하다, 응용하다/ 바르다, 대다/
- token (화폐 대용)토큰/ 상풍권, 교환권/ 표시. 징표
- conduct (특정한 활동을)하다/ 지휘하다/ 안내하다/ 행동하다/ 전도하다
- state business 국가 사무
- indigenous 고유의, 타고난
- faith 믿음/ 신앙, 종교
- The waves shown on the screen symbolize the royal court where the king conducts state affairs. This comes from the fact that the pronunciation of “wave” (潮) and “court” (朝) is the same in Chinese. 화면에 묘사된 파도는 왕이 국정을 수행하던 조정을 상징한다. 이는 중국 한자에서 “파도”를 뜻하는 ‘조(潮)’와 “조정”을 뜻하는 ‘조(朝)’의 발음이 같기 때문이다.
As a symbol of royal authority, the screen was placed not only behind the throne in Geunjeongjeon Hall, but also in council halls and royal shrines where portraits of kings were kept. The screen even accompanied the king when he traveled outside the palace.
The Ilwolobongdo is considered one of the finest court paintings of the Joseon Dynasty. It was painted in a folk-art style using bright primary colors.
- hearty 따뜻한
- steep 가파른/(타)적시다, 담그다/(자)(물 등에)잠기다. (성분이)스며 나오다
- is referred to as ~라고 불린다
- virtuous governance 덕치
- virtuous 도덕적인
- virtue 선, 선행/ 덕목/ 장점
- every nook and corner 구석 구석
- nook 곳(구석)
- divine 신선한
- proceed (시작된 일을 계속)진행하다/ (특정 방향으로)나아가다. 이동하다
- folk painting 민화
- brilliant 훌륭한, 뛰어난, 눈부신
- primary colors 원색
- 덕치(virtuous governance)
댓글 없음:
댓글 쓰기