7. 강녕전

 7.강녕전 Gangnyeongjeon Hall

[]Gangyeongjeon Hall

1. At the back of Sajeongjeon Hall, passing through Hyangomun Gate, king's private living space Gangyeongjeon Hall appears, from which the inner court area begins. The name of the gate 'Hyango' means 'being oriented toward five blessings'. According to the Book of Document', 'gangnyeong', which means having physical health and mental peace, is the third and the most representative blessing among five blessings of longevity, wealth, health, love for virtues, and peaceful death at one's home.

• living space 생활공간/ (주택의)거주 부분
• representative 대표하는/ 전형적인  | 대표자/ 대리인
• 오복: 수, 부, 강녕, 유호덕(덕을 좋아하며 즐겨 행하다), 고종명
• 수(壽), 부(富), 강녕(康寧), 유호덕(攸好德, 덕을 좋아하여 즐거 행하는 일), 고종명(考終命, 제 명대로 살다가 편안하게 죽음)
• Book of Document 서경(書經) 

1. 5경(五經) 중 하나
2.  주로 상나라와 주나라의 역사적 기록을 담고 있으며, 정치적인 통치와 도덕적 교훈을 전달하는 데 큰 역할을 했습니다. 유교 경전 중 하나로서, 정치 지도자와 일반 백성에게 중요한 교훈을 제공한다고 여겨집니다.

• 오경(五經)은 유교의 핵심 경전 다섯 가지를 말합니다. 이 다섯 경전은 유교의 철학적, 윤리적, 사회적 교훈을 담고 있으며, 중국 고대 문화와 유교 사상의 중요한 기초가 됩니다. 오경은 다음과 같습니다:

  1. 시경(詩經):
     "시경"은 고대 중국의 시가와 노래들을 모은 경전입니다. 305편의 시가로 이루어져 있으며, 주로 인간의 감정, 자연, 사회적 관계 등을 다룹니다. "시경"은 문학적 가치와 더불어 도덕적 교훈도 포함하고 있습니다.

  2. 서경(書經):
     "서경"은 주로 중국 고대의 역사적 기록을 담고 있으며, 정치적 교훈과 왕조의 통치 이념을 설명합니다. 고대 왕조의 법령과 왕의 말, 정치적 문서들이 포함되어 있습니다.

  3. 역경(易經):
     "역경"은 예언과 변화를 다룬 책으로, 주로 변화의 원리와 인간의 삶에 대한 철학적 통찰을 제공합니다. 64개의 괘(卦)와 384개의 효(爻)로 구성되어 있으며, 유교뿐 아니라 동양 철학 전반에 큰 영향을 미친 중요한 경전입니다.

  4. 예기(禮記):
     "예기"는 유교에서 중요하게 여기는 의례와 예절에 관한 책입니다. 사회적 질서, 도덕적 규범, 가족과 사회 간의 관계를 규명하며, 인간의 도덕적 삶을 올바르게 이끌어주는 중요한 가르침을 제공합니다.

  5. 춘추(春秋):
     "춘추"는 공자가 편찬한 역사서로, 주나라의 역사에서 722년부터 481년까지의 사건을 기록한 책입니다. 이 책은 주로 중요한 사건과 인물들을 다루며, 공자가 도덕적 교훈을 주기 위해 어떤 사건을 강조하거나 생략하는 방식으로 기록되었다고 전해집니다.

1. The king was said to be able to enjoy all of the five blessings when he straightens up his mind and cultivates virtues. In the name of his living quarters, we can also know what the moral requirements that the people of the day imposed on the king were.

• cultivate 경작하다/ (말, 행동 등을)기르다(햠양하다)
• cultivates virtues 덕을 함양하다.
• moral requirements 도덕적인 자격요건
• requirements 자격요건
• requirement 필요(요건), 요건
• impose 부과하다/  강요하다

1. According to the second article in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on October 10th, 1395, in the fourth year of King Taejo's reign, Jeong Do-jeon suggested that the king name his living quarters  Gangnyeongjeon, citing from a Confucian classic, the Book of Documents. He said that the king could enjoy all the five blessings when he achieved the third blessing, 'gangjyeong', which means 'having physical health and mental peace', and that the prerequisite for enjoying five blessings was to achieve 'Supreme World Ordering Principle'. They(the five blessings) were thought to be established when the king straightened up his mind and cultivated virtues. Jeong Do-jeon said that the king should take caution not to be too idle even when he was resting alone in his own dwelling place, giving an example of Duke Wu of Wei. One of his poems, written to warn against falling into an idle life, was quoted by Jeong Do-jeon, who urged the king to follow his example. In the poem, he said he always made a kind and gentle look, and tried to stand on his good behavior even when he was alone in his room, Jeong Do-jeon concluded that the reason why Duke of Wu enjoyed longevity over 90 years old was because of his endeavor to keep his reverence and purdence all the while whether he was with others or was alone. 

• living quarters 거처, 숙소
• name (목/보)명명하다
• Confucian classic 경서(유교 고전)
• classic 최고의/ 전형적인/ 고전적인/

                   고전, 명작/ 모범

• Book of Documents 서경
• 정도전은 정치질서를 구상하면서 유가의 경전 중 [서경]을 주요한 모겔로 하고 있음을 밝혔다.
• 서경은 다른 어떠한 유가의 경전보다 신질서 구상의 풍부한 자원을 가지고 있다. 
• prerequisite for ~전제조건
• Supreme World Ordering Principle 우주질서원리(즉 Supreme World Ordering Principle는 straightened up his mind and cultivated virtues와 연결된다고 볼 수 있다)
• cultivate virtues 덕을 기르다
• cultivate 경작하다/ 재배하다/ (관계를)구축하다/(말.행동 방식등을)기르다(함양하다)
• take caution 주의하다
• idle 게으른/ 나태한
• alone 혼자/ 외로운
• Duke Wu of Wei
• 덕의 기본은 말과 행위라고 했다.
• Duke of Wu는 위나라의 무공(武公) 또는 위나라의 무왕(武王)으로 알려져 있습니다. 그의 본명은 Jiang Ziya (강자야)이고, 그는 고대 중국의 위나라(魏)의 창시자로 유명합니다. 이 인물은 일반적으로 위나라의 시조로 간주되며, 특히 "관중"과 "맹자"와 함께 유교 및 고대 중국 역사에서 중요한 인물로 평가됩니다.
• 무공은 위나라의 국가를 발전시키고, 군사적인 역량을 강화하며, 덕행을 중요시한 지도자로서 유명합니다. 이때의 덕행과 자기 수양은 그의 오랜 삶과 건강을 지키는 중요한 요소로 언급되며, Jeong Do-jeon은 그의 사례를 통해 왕의 자기 수양과 절제의 중요성을 강조한 것입니다.
• 위나라(魏)는 기원전 403년에 춘추전국시대의 삼국시대로 들어가면서 세운 나라입니다. 위나라는 기원전 225년에 진나라에 의해 멸망했습니다.(178년 동안 지속)
• precaution 조심, 경계/ 예방조치, 사전대책
• cite (이유.예를)들다/ 인용하다/(법정에)소환하다
• conclude 끝내다/ ~(that~)~이라고 결론을 내리다
• endeavor 노력하다/ 시도하다
• reverence [ˈrevərəns] 존중, 공경, 숭배
• prudence 신중
• all the while 시종, 내내/ 그동안 죽
• whether 
• 명사절
• 양보 부사절

1. Gangnyeongjeon was king's private living space where he dwelt and took a rest or slept comfortably. However, he also used the hall to take care of his daily duties, such as summoning his close ministers or holding banquets for royal family members.

• take care of  
• ~을 돌보다
• ..을 처리하다
• daily duties,일상업무

[]The Roof without the Dragon's Ridge.

1. When you walk into the Gangnyeongjeon Hall area, you can see the roof of Gyeonghoeru Pavilion to the west. The rooftops and eaves of the different buildings stretch out beautifully against the sky, all coming together in a really harmonious way.

• compound 벽 등으로 둘러쌓인 지역
• compound 혼성의/ 혼합하다
• compose 구성하다/ 작곡하다
• composition
• 구성, 구성 요소들/ 작곡/ 작품
• work 일하다/ 일/ 작품
• made up of ~로 구성된
• outstretch 펴다/  뻗다
• backdrop 배경

1. Gangnyeongjeon doesn’t have the top roof beam, called a ‘dragon’s ridge’ (yongmaru in Korean), which usually runs along the peak of the roof.
2. When a building is built without a dragon's ridge, two horizontal ridge beams are installed to place slanted roof beams(rafters) on, and the rooftop is covered with curved L-shaped tiles. 
3. No one knows for sure why sleeping quarters were built without a dragon’s ridge — there is some speculation, but nothing’s been clearly proven.

• ridge 산등성이, 산마루/ 기압마루/ (지붕의) 용마루
• ridge beam 종도리
• rafter 서까래
• distinct reason 분명한 이유
• distinct 뚜렷한, 분명한
• sleeping quarter 숙소
• establish 설립하다/ (공식적 관계를)수립하다/(사상을)확입하다/ (사실을)규명하다
• speculations 추측/ 투기

1. First, it's possible that the important sleeping quarters were designed to stand out from a distance — just in case of an emergency.

   Second, there's a popular theory that the dragon’s ridge was intentionally left out to prevent another dragon — placed on the roof — from suppressing the "real" dragon, which symbolized the king, who held absolute power.

   But, it’s just a theory — because in China, which shares many cultural traditions with Korea, you can still find plenty of commoners’ houses without a dragon’s ridge.

   A more practical explanation might be that people simply wanted to avoid adding such a heavy man-made structure — the yongmaru — to the roof, since it could block the natural flow of energy, or qi.

   Either way, Korean palace architecture has its own unique features, while still following the core principles of ancient Chinese palace construction.

• distance 거리/ 먼곳
• in an emergency 비상시에
• suppress (내란)진압하다/ (감정)억누르다. 참다
• wield 휘두르다
• absolute power 절대적인 권력
• commoner 평민, 서민
• reasonable 타당한/ 적당한, 비싸지 않는
• construe ~을(~으로)해석하다/ 추론하다
• feature 특징, 특성/ 이목구비/ 특집(기사)

                        ~가 특징이다. 특별히 포함하다/ (~의)특징을 이루다

• Either way 어쨌든
• intrinstic 고유의/ 본질적인
• characteristic (형)특유의/ (명)특징
• characteristics (명)형질/ 특징
• 용마루가 없는 지붕을 무량각(無梁閣) 양식이라고 한다. 한옥 건축과 관련한 블로그들을 참고해 보면 용마루를 만드는 일반 지붕보다 무량각 지붕은 별도의 기와와 마감 공법이 필요해 더 어렵다고 한다.
• 
  
  

1. This raised stone platform is called woldae. 
2. It extends out in front of the building and was used for all kinds of events — like small or large banquets for the royal family and relatives.
3. Sometimes, a person would even have to kneel on a straw mat here, waiting for a decision about their punishment.

• platform (기차역의)플렛폼/ 단, 연단, 강단/ (물건을 올려놓는)대
• fairly 상당히, 꽤/ 공정하게, 정직하게
• straw mat 돗자리
• royal relatives 왕실 친척
• veil 베일, 베일로 얼굴을 가리다, 가리다

1. After a fire broke out at Changdeokgung Palace in 1917, the Japanese dismantled Gangnyeongjeon and Gyotaejeon here at Gyeongbokgung to reuse the materials for rebuilding the king’s Huijeongdang Hall and the queen’s Daejojeon Hall at Changdeokgung.
2. The current Gangnyeongjeon and Gyotaejeon Halls were rebuilt in 1996, based on historical records like the Gunggwolji (The descriptive record of royal palaces), Bukgwol-dohyeong (Map of the Northern Palace), and Joseon Gojeok Dobo — an illustrated record of Joseon relics compiled by a Japanese scholar named Sekino Tadashi during the colonial period. Excavation reports from the site were also used in the reconstruction.

• demolish 철거하다/ 무너뜨리다(허물다)
• dismantle 분해하다/ 해체하다
• building materials 건축재료
• base upon ~에 근거를 두다
• illustrated 삽화를 넣은
• illustrate (책 등에)삽화(도해)를 넣다/(도해를 이용하여)분명히 보여주다/실증하다
• antiquities 유물, 골동품
• antique (가구의)골동의/ (모양, 양식이)고대의, 옛날의
• relics 유적, 유물
• compile (자료를)모으다, 편집하다
• report sources 보도 자료
• excavation 발굴
• 궁궐지: 조선시대 궁궐에 대하여 기록한 책(숙종)
• 북궐도형: 경복궁 전체의 건축평면 배치도(고종)
• 조선고적도보: 낙량시대부터 조선시대까지 고적의 도판을 모은책(조선총독부)

[]Roof Figurines

1. If you look at the protruding corners of the eaves on Yeonsaengjeon and Gyeongseongjeon Halls from the stone platform of Gangnyeongjeon Hall, you can see small figurines lined up in a row. You probably noticed them earlier — they’re also placed on the same parts of the eaves on other buildings and gates you passed when you first entered Gyeongbokgung.
2. But this spot gives you the clearest and closest view of them. They're called japsang, which literally means 'sundry figurines.'

• figurine 작은 입상, 작은 조각상
• sundry 가지가지의

1. They’re actually characters from the famous Chinese novel Journey to the West. The first figure at the front is the Buddhist monk Xuanzang. Right behind him are his companions — the Monkey King, the Pig Monster, and the Half-Water Demon, in that order.
2. They were placed on the roofts of palace buildings to ward off evil spirits. In the story, they’re the strongest group — they defeated all kinds of demons during their journey to India to find the Buddhist scriptures and bring them back to the Tang Dynasty.
3. The postures not only of the Buddhist monk, Xuanzang, but also of the Monkey King look very majestic. 
4. In China, roof figurines usually include a Taoist immortal along with auspicious animals like dragons, phoenixes, lions, and sea horses. These figures symbolize both good fortune and protection. In contrast, Korean figurines typically depict characters from the Buddhist tale Journey to the West, especially those known for defeating evil spirits, reflecting a stronger focus on warding off bad energy.

• posture 자세
• majestic 위엄있는
• Phoenix 불사조
• ward off  피하다, 물리치다
• ward 병동, 피보호자

1. Gyeonghoeru is the largest building here in Gyeongbokgung. It has 35 compartments — seven kan long and five kan wide. Because of its size, it also has the most roof figurines — eleven in total. 
2. These figurines are usually placed in odd numbers, and the bigger the building is, the more figurines it tends to have, since the longer eaves provide more space to place them.

• compartment
• 구획/ 칸막이를한 객실
• 구분하다, 구획으로 나누다

1. You can also see a net, called bush, surrounding the brackets under the eaves. It’s there to keep birds from perching on them and damaging the colorful traditional paintwork, known as dancheong.

[]Yeonsaengjeon and Gyeongseongjeon Halls

1. So here in the Gangnyeongjeon Hall area, there are five buildings in total. Among them, the small bedroom on the east side is called Yeonsaengjeon Hall, and the one on the west side is called Gyeongseongjeon Hall.

2. The name Yeonsaeng(延-extend, 生-life or birth) literally means “extending life,” wishing for health and longevity. But since it’s located in the east — where the sun rises — people also link it with spring and the idea of renewal and new beginnings.

3. On the other hand, Gyeongseong(慶-celebration, 成-completion or achievement) means "celebrating completion," It’s like autumn — the season when everything is completed and people enjoy the rewards of their efforts.

4. On the left side of Yeonsaengjeon, you’ll find Yeongildang Hall(迎日堂). And on the other side, next to Gyeongseongjeon, there’s Eungjidang Hall(膺祉堂). Their names both have to do with receiving blessings.

1. According to the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, on October 7, 1395, a scholar named Jeong Do-jeon explained why he chose the names Yeonsaengjeon and Gyeongseongjeon for the king’s small bedchambers.

   He said that in nature, all living things are born in spring and bear fruit in autumn. So, by naming the rooms this way, he wanted to remind the king of his duty as a ruler—to follow the natural order of the world.

   If the king ruled according to the movement of the heavens, he could give life to the people with kindness and help them grow with justice.

1. Now, if you look over to the northwest of Gyeongseongjeon Hall, you'll see the king’s well.
   These days, it’s covered with a big stone cap, so it might be hard to imagine that this was once a drinking water well.
   That stone cap wasn’t part of the original structure — it was added during restoration work, just to prevent accidents.
   Originally, the well probably had a very practical use: providing fresh water to the royal quarters.
   But aside from being just a water source, it may have had a deeper, symbolic meaning too.
   In Buddhist temples, wells or ponds were often seen as the Dragon King's underwater palace.
   So some believe this well may have represented the Dragon’s Well, connecting it symbolically to the king — who, in Korean tradition, was often compared to a dragon.
2. The king’s well has a cylindrical body, which represents the “Supreme Ultimate” — kind of like the ultimate principle of everything.
   And the base of the well is octagonal, meaning it stands for the eight trigrams, which are important symbols in East Asian philosophy about the universe.
   You’ll also notice some holes in the base — those were made to hold the poles of an octagonal small pavilion that once stood over the well.

[]Arrangement of the buildings based upon the Ancient Chinese Astronomy

1. In ancient Chinese astronomy, the North Star — or Polaris — was regarded as the celestial emperor, since it remains fixed while other stars revolve around it.
   Because Gyeongbokgung was the main palace of the Joseon Dynasty, its buildings were arranged to reflect star patterns from a group of constellations known as the Purple Forbidden Enclosure.

   For instance, the main throne hall, Geunjeongjeon, corresponds to Polaris, while the three buildings of the king’s office — Sajeongjeon, Manchunjeon, and Cheonchujeon — align with the Three Steps of Ursa Major: the Upper, Middle, and Lower Steps.

   The king’s living quarters were also designed to match star patterns. The five main bedchambers correspond to the Seats of the Five Emperors, located at the center of the Purple Forbidden Enclosure in the night sky.
   Ancient Chinese astronomers thought of this group of stars as a palace in the sky, similar to the emperor’s court on Earth.

   To the southeast of this central region lies another celestial area called the Supreme Palace Enclosure, which was imagined as the administrative court or the outer gardens surrounding the emperor’s residence.
   These star patterns helped shape the design of Gyeongbokgung, showing how closely the sky and the king’s power were connected.

• astronomy 천문학
• interpret 통역하다/ (특정한 뜻으로)이해(해석)하다(as)
• star patterns 별자리 모양
• groups of stars" (별의 무리)
• monarch 군주
• Polaris  [poulέəris,-lǽr-] 북극성
• Ursa Major (북두칠성)

• Polaris (북극성): 고정된 별로, 고대 천문에서 ‘임금’의 상징입니다.

• Ursa Major (북두칠성): 북쪽 하늘의 큰곰자리, 그 중 삼태성(Three Steps)은 북두칠성의 첫 세 별을 의미하며, 옛 중국과 조선에서는 하늘의 관리 체계나 정치 질서를 상징하는 요소로 해석했습니다.

• Three Steps (三臺) 는 Ursa Major(북두칠성) 근처에 위치하지만, 별개의 별자리입니다.

• constellation 별자리, 성좌
• compare 비교하다(with)/ 비유하다(to)
• arrange 마련하다, 주선하다/ 정리하다. 배열하다/ 편곡하다
• array 배열하다. 배치하다
• Purple Forbidden Enclosure 자미원(큰곰자리를 중심으로 170여개의 별로 이루어진 별자리)
• Forbidden 금지된
• Enclosure 울타리를 친 장소
• correspond 일치하다/ ~에 해당하다/ (와)서신을 주고받다.
• fall under ..의 영향을 받다/ ..에 해당하다
• Three Steps 삼태성(큰곰자리에 있는 자미성을 지키는 별, 각각 두개의 별로된 상태성, 중채성, 하태성으로 구성된다)
• 자미성: 자미원(紫微垣)에 딸린 별. 북두(北斗)의 북쪽에 있으며, 천제(天帝)에 비유됨.
• Ursa Major 큰곰자리  [ə́:rsə]
• 'Seats of Five Emperors 오제좌(5개의 별로 이루어짐, 태미원의 좌우 담장안의 가운데쯤에 있는 별자리)
• Seats of the Five Emperors.
• Supreme Palace Enclosure 태미원
• lie lay lain 눕다. 누워있다. / 놓여있다. 
• enclose (담, 울타리 등으로)두르다(둘러싸다)

• 자미원을 둘러싸는 대표적인 별자리들:

  1. 태미원(太微垣, Supreme Palace Enclosure)

  • 자미원의 남동쪽에 위치합니다.

  • **조정(朝廷)**에 해당하며, 신하들이 황제 앞에 나아가는 자리로 해석됩니다.

  • 실제 천문도상에서는 황궁의 외곽 담장 혹은 정원을 의미합니다.

  • 태미원을 '왕실 정원을 둘러싼 담장'처럼 상상했다

  구성 예:

  • 천시(天市), 문창(文昌), 상서(尙書) 등

  • 관리나 학자들의 자리를 상징

  ---

  2. 천시원(天市垣, Heavenly Market Enclosure)

  • 자미원의 남서쪽에 위치합니다.

  • 시장이나 백성의 공간에 해당합니다.

  • 하늘의 ‘시민 생활 공간’으로 해석되며, 천상 행정·경제의 상징입니다.

  구성 예:

  • 천사(天社), 오곡(五穀) 등

  • 백성, 농업, 상업과 관련된 별자리

  중국 고대 천문 체계에서는 세 개의 주요 별자리 영역(삼원, 三垣)이 있습니다:

  구분	한자	영어	상징
  자미원	紫微垣	Purple Forbidden Enclosure	황제의 거처 (궁 중심부)
  태미원	太微垣	Supreme Palace Enclosure	조정/정원/담장 등 궁궐 외곽 기능
  천시원	天市垣	Heavenly Market Enclosure	일반 백성과 상업 영역 상징

  👉 이 중에서 **태미원(太微垣)**은 자미원을 중심으로 둘러싸고 있는 공간으로, ‘조정(朝廷)’이나 ‘왕실 정원’ 등 궁궐 외곽의 상징적 의미를 가집니다.

  ---

  🎯 문장 속 "royal garden"은 무엇인가?

  ✅ “the royal garden”은 자미원 내부의 정원이 아니라, 태미원 자체를 궁궐 주변 정원처럼 상상한 것을 말합니다.

  즉, 고대 중국인은 태미원 전체를 "자미원 궁궐의 정원"처럼 상상했으며, 그 정원의 중심부에 **오황좌(五皇座)**라는 별자리가 있다고 보았습니다.

  ---

  📘 요약:

  • "royal garden"은 자미원의 정원이 아니라,
    → 자미원을 감싸는 태미원을 '정원처럼' 본 상징적 개념입니다.

  • 따라서 영어 문장도 문맥상 정확합니다.
    → “walls around a royal garden” = 태미원의 별자리 구조 전체를 말하는 것.

  🌀 자미원의 중심 구성 요약

  구성 요소	설명
  북극성 (Polaris)	자미원의 중심. 황제의 자리.
  오제좌 (Seats of the Five Emperors)	북극성 주변의 5성. 황제를 보좌하는 상징.
  자미성, 문창성, 좌원/우원 등	황궁의 부속 건물이나 관료 조직을 상징하는 성군.

1. People in ancient times believed that when the stars of the Three Steps shined brightly, it meant a time of peace and prosperity was coming. So, they paid close attention to these stars, worshipped them, and often wrote about them in old records.

• attentively 조심스럽게. 정중히
• observe 보다, 목격하다/ 관찰하다./ 진술하다/  준수하다
• documentary records 기록 문헌
• documentary 기록물 

[x]Heumgyeonggak Pavilion

-조선 세종때 만든 천문관측소로 보루각과 함께 당시 시간을 관측하게 한 곳/ 장영실이 세종의 명을 받아 건립

-흠경은 하늘을 공격하여 공손히 사람에게 필요한 시간을 알려준다는 뜻

1. If you walk past the king’s well and go through a small side door on the northwest side of the Gangnyeongjeon Hall area, you’ll find the Heumgyeonggak Pavilion. 
2. Originally, Heumgyeonggak Pavilion was located next to Cheonchujeon Hall during King Sejong’s time. But after the palace was damaged and later rebuilt, the pavilion was placed near the northwest side of Gangnyeongjeon Hall.
3. The name ‘Heumgyeong’ means ‘to admire and respect the sky.’ It also means sharing the time with the people. 
4. During the Joseon Dynasty, Korea was a farming society, so things like worshipping the sky, observing the movement of heavenly bodies, and keeping accurate time were very important. 
5. These were all closely connected to the king’s power and authority.

• traditional agricultural society 전통적 농격 사회
• colsely related to ~와 밀접하게 관련된
• authority and power 권위 와 힘

1.  Inside, it held two important astronomical instruments. One was called the ‘Ongnu,’ or Jade Clepsydra – also known as the Heavenly Water Clock. The other was the ‘Seongiokhyeong,’ a special water clock that also showed the time and seasons using moving dolls.

2. By keeping these clocks nearby, the king could carefully observe the sky and the movement of the stars. This helped him know the exact time and season, and even make calendars. It also showed that the king ruled according to the laws of nature and the universe.

   In addition to the water clocks, Heumgyeonggak also had a concave sundial called ‘Angbuilgu,’.  

• Clepsydra  [klépsədrə] 물시계
• Jade Clepsydra 옥 물시계
• Seongiokhyeong 선기옥형(혼천의))-천체관측기구(해와 달 및 오행성의 위치를 측정하는데 사용)
• synthetic (인위적으로)합성한, 인조의
• mechanism 기계장치/ 방법/ 
• in compliance with ...에 따라

[]Alley of Yangumun Gate(양의문)

1. If you look at the back wall of Gangnyeongjeon Hall, you’ll see chimneys built into the northern wall of the compound. Interestingly, this wall also serves as the southern wall of the Gyotaejeon Hall area, where the queen stayed. In Korean palaces, chimneys were often built into the walls of nearby buildings instead of standing alone.

   On these chimneys, you can see beautifully carved Chinese characters with special meanings. On the right side of the Yanguimun Gate, the characters say Cheonsemanse, which means ‘a thousand and ten thousand generations.’ On the left side, it says Mansumugang, meaning ‘long life and good health.’ These are traditional wishes for prosperity and longevity.

• detach 떼다. 분리하다
• separate 분리된, 따로 떨어진
• auspicious 상서로운

1. In traditional Korean buildings, like those in Gyeongbokgung Palace, rooms were heated using the ondol system. This system works by making a fire in a small furnace. The heat and smoke travel through flues under the floor, warming the room as they pass. To let the smoke out, chimneys were always needed.

2.  But instead of building the chimneys right next to the rooms, most of them in Gyeongbokgung are placed in the corridor buildings that surround the main halls. This way, the smoke travels farther through long underground flues before going out.

3. You might expect chimneys to look dark and dirty, but here they’re very clean and beautifully designed. In fact, the chimneys are decorated with lucky symbols and patterns. Even if you can’t read the Chinese characters, they still look like modern abstract art."

• structure 구조/ 건축물/ 체계,짜임새
• fuel holes 아궁이
• is equipped with ~을 갖추고 있다. 
• equip 장비를 갖추다
• equipment 장비(도구)(사람 몸에 부착하는 도구들- 부츠 고글 등)/ 장비설치
• instrument 도구(사용자의 능력 여부에 따라 그 활용도가 좌우되는 도구/ 보통 사람이 사용하면 무용지물이 되는 복잡한 것/ 악기, 각종 측정기-방사능 측정기)
• contrary to ~에 반해서
• flues (굴뚝의)연통, 연관
• soot 그으름
• recognize 알아보다/ 인정하다, 인식하다 ~sth as sth
• drab 칙칙한
• outstanding 뛰어난, 두드러진
• comprehend 이해하다
• apprehend 체포하다/ 우려하다/ 이해하다
• appreciate 가치를 인정하다/ 감상하다/ 감사하다
• abstract 추상적인