Bandit_Tour: the palaces

3. 근정전

Geunjeongmun was the third southern gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace and the venue where the king would grant regular audiences to his officials. During a royal audience, the king would pass by Sajeongjeon Hall, walk under the eastern eaves of Geunjeongjeon Hall, and move through the court of the Geunjeongjeon compound to reach the gate. He would be seated on the king's throne, placed in the middle section of the gate, facing south. His officials would line up in the Heungnyemun Gate compound and pay homage to the king. In this way, Geunjeongmun served not only as an entrance but also as the venue where the king's governance began.

The Heungnyemun compound before Geunjeongmun was considered very important since it was where the enthronement was performed. The enthronement cerenomy which was regarded as one of the most significant national rites, ushering in a new era, was conducted mostly during the mourning peiod of the late king. I would say it is not the grand ceremony teeming with joyous festive mood as you would expect. For the enthronement ceremony, which took place on the sixth day since the king passed away, The heir changed his mourning clothes into his formal robes in the mourning hut set in front of the royal coffin hall, and he was granted the royal seal, a symbol of king's authority. Then he was escorted to Geunjeongmun riding the sedan chair, ascended to the throne by being seated on the king's chair set up on the gate facing south, and received congratulatory cheers from his officials.

As such, most of the kings went through the simple enthronement at the gate of the main throne hall during the late king's mourning period. However, there were exceptions to this practice. For example, some kings such as Jeongjong, Sejong, Sejo, and Yejong ascended to the throne at Geunjeongjeon Hall, not Geunjeongmun Gate, since the former kings abdicated the throne while they were still alive. On the other hand, kings like Danjong, Seongjong, Seonjo were enthroned at Geunjeongmun Gate because the former kings were already deceased. The new king took the eastern staircase to ascend to Geunjeongjeon, which was named 'accession to the throne. Afterward, the new king promulgated the inaugural message to the general public.

조선시대 왕의 상례(喪禮)는 왕이 사망했을 때 그를 기리고, 왕위 계승 절차를 거쳐 국가의 정치적 안정과 질서를 유지하기 위한 중요한 의식이었습니다. 상례는 유교적 가치관에 따라 매우 엄격하고 정교한 절차로 진행되었으며, 왕의 상례는 일반적인 상례와는 다른 특별한 절차와 규범을 따랐습니다. 다음은 조선시대 왕의 상례의 주요 절차입니다.

1. 왕의 사망 후 초기 절차

사망 소식 전파: 왕이 사망하면 가장 먼저 소식을 나라 안팎에 알리게 됩니다. 왕의 죽음은 국가의 가장 큰 사건으로, 이를 신속하게 알리고 조문을 준비하는 절차가 진행됩니다.
유정(遺正) 지킴: 왕이 사망하면 왕자나 후계자는 3일 동안 빈전 앞에 마련된 오두막에서 유정(遺正)을 지키며, 왕의 유훈을 따르고 상례를 준비합니다. 이 기간 동안 후계자는 왕의 사망을 애도하고 왕위 계승에 대한 의식을 수행합니다.

2. 상복 착용

왕의 사망 이후, 상복을 입는 것은 왕의 정통성과 그에 대한 경의를 표하기 위한 중요한 상례입니다.
왕의 사망을 알리면서 왕자와 왕족은 상복을 입고 3일 동안 상복을 유지합니다. 이 상복은 왕의 죽음을 애도하고 경의하는 의미로, 장례가 마무리되기 전까지 계속 입어야 했습니다.
왕위에 오른 후에도 왕은 상복을 입고 왕위 계승을 준비하며, 상복을 벗고 정식 복장을 착용하는 것은 왕의 상례가 마무리된 후, 장례가 끝날 때입니다.

3. 빈전 앞에서의 예법

빈전(殯殿): 왕이 사망한 후, 왕의 시체는 빈전에 안치되어 보존되며, 왕자와 후계자는 이곳에서 상례를 진행합니다. 빈전은 왕의 유체가 보관되는 장소로, 왕의 사망을 알리고 왕의 시신을 준비하는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 합니다.
왕위 계승자는 빈전 앞에서 3일 동안 **유정(遺正)**을 지키며 슬퍼하고, 왕의 사망을 경건하게 애도하는 시간을 보냅니다.

4. 장례 절차

왕의 장례는 엄격하고 정교한 절차에 따라 진행되며, 장례식 준비, 관(棺) 만들기, 문무백관들의 조문, 국민들의 애도 등이 포함됩니다.
왕의 장례에는 고신(告神) 절차도 포함되며, 이는 왕이 조상과 신에게 제사를 드리는 의식입니다.
왕의 유해는 왕릉으로 이동하고, 왕릉에 안장되기까지의 과정이 포함됩니다.
왕의 장례는 보통 3일 이상의 시간이 걸리며, 장례식에서 군신들이 조문하고, 국가 차원에서 의례를 치른 후 왕의 유해는 정식으로 왕릉에 안장됩니다.

5. 왕의 유훈(遺訓)

왕이 사망하면, 유훈은 왕의 정치적 유산을 계승할 후계자에게 전달되는 중요한 지침입니다. 왕이 사망하기 전, 유훈을 남기거나 정치적 결정을 내리기도 했습니다.
왕의 유훈은 후계자가 왕위를 이어받는 데 있어 중요한 법적, 정치적 근거가 되며, 상례 기간 동안 유훈을 바탕으로 왕위 계승이 이루어집니다.

6. 왕위 계승

왕이 사망한 후, 새로운 왕이 즉위하는 데에는 일정한 의례가 따릅니다. 왕위 계승자가 6일째 되는 날에 왕위에 오르며, 상복을 입고 즉위하게 됩니다.
왕위에 오르기 전, 왕자는 상복을 입고 슬픔과 경의를 표하며, 후계자로서의 자격을 준비합니다. 그리고 왕위에 오를 때, 상복을 벗고 왕의 의복을 입습니다.

7. 왕의 상례가 끝나는 시점

왕의 상례는 왕릉에 안장된 후, 왕의 시신이 온전히 장례 절차를 마친 후 끝납니다.
이 시점에서 상복을 벗고 정식 왕의 복장으로 갈아입고, 왕의 즉위식과 상례는 마무리됩니다.

8. 왕의 상례 후 사회적 의미

왕의 상례는 단순한 장례 절차를 넘어, 왕권의 정통성과 정치적 안정을 유지하기 위한 중요한 과정이었습니다. 상례를 통해 국민과 관료들은 새로운 왕의 정당성을 인정하고, 왕권이 이어진다는 신뢰를 다졌습니다.
상례 후에도 왕위 계승과 정치적 질서를 유지하기 위한 의례와 절차가 계속해서 진행되었습니다.

왕의 상례의 주요 특징

유교적 예법에 따른 철저한 의식: 왕의 상례는 유교의 상례 규범에 따라 엄격히 진행되었습니다. 이는 왕의 사망을 애도하고 왕위 계승의 정통성을 확보하는 중요한 절차였습니다.
국가 차원의 의식: 왕의 상례는 개인적인 장례가 아니라 국가적인 사건으로, 모든 관료와 백성이 참여하게 됩니다.
왕위 계승과 정치적 안정: 상례는 단순한 죽음의 애도가 아니라, 왕위 계승을 통한 정치적 질서를 유지하는 중요한 의식이었습니다.

이처럼 조선시대 왕의 상례는 유교적 가치와 정치적 안정을 중시한 복잡하고 엄격한 절차로, 왕의 사망 후 왕위 계승과 관련된 모든 의식을 신중하게 처리했습니다.

The Joseon Dynasty Highly Valued Civil Adminstration

Geunjeongmun Gate, which leads to Geunjeongjeon Hall, has two small gates on either side: 'Ilhwamun' to the east and 'Wolhwamun' to the west. The name 'Ilhwa' refers to the bright sun, and 'Wolhwa' refers to the moon. These names were given based on the idea of yin and yang. According to records, civil officials used 'Ilhwamun', while military officials used 'Wolhwamun'.

The Joseon Dynasty fully adopted Confucianism as the basic philosophy for governing the country and placed great importance on the administration led by civil officials. You will find several features of Confucian ideology reflected on the layout of Gyeongbokgung buildings.

The main axis of Gyeongbokgung Palace divides the entire area from east to west based on the yin and yang dualism, creating distinct eastern and western sections. Yang is associated with the east, the sun, heaven, spring, masculinity, odd numbers, activeness, brightness, and warmth, while yin is linked to the west, the moon, earth, fall, femininity, even numbers, passiveness, darkness, and cold. Yang is considered superior to yin. This philosophy is reflected even in the arrangement of rank stones in the palace courtyard, where markers for civil officials were placed in the east (yang) and those for military officials in the west (yin). Civil officials used the eastern section of Gwanghwamun, while military officials used the western section.
The eastern area includes Geonchunmun Gate, Ilhwamun, Yungmunnu Tower, Manchunjeon Hall, Yeonsaengjeon Hall, and the crown prince's residence, while the western area contains Yeongchumun Gate, Wolhwamun, Yungmuru Tower, Cheonchujeon Hall, and Gyeongseongjeon Hall. Gwanghwamun, the south gate, is considered yang, while Sinmumun, the north gate, is seen as yin. Additionally, Hyangwonji Pond, which is square with a round inner islet, symbolizes the Taoist belief that the sky is round and the earth is square, further representing the harmony between yin and yang.

[]Geunjeongjeon Hall

Now, would you stand in the courtyard over Geunjeongmun? You will see Geunjeongjeon Hall standing on the two-tired platforms with commanding dignity. Jeong Do-jeon, who made a great contribution to founding the Joseon Dynasty, named the main throne hall Geunjeongjeon(Hall of Diligent Governance), which carries the meaning that the king's diligence should be the top priority of governance. Citing a historical event, he reminded the king of how to rule the nation. He emphasized the king and his officials alike should stage politics only for the people with diligent attitude, denying arragance and idleness.

tired 줄(단)로 배열된/ (합성어)...개의 줄(단)로 된
tier 줄. 단. 단계
dignity 위엄, 존엄성
commanding 지휘하는/ (시합등에서)우세한/ 위엄있는
top priority 최우선
stage 단계/ 무대

상연하다/ 계획하다, 훌륭히 수행하다

deny 부인하다. 부정하다/ (도덕적, 종교적 이유로)(~을)자제하다
arrogance 오만
idleness 게으름, 나태

Geunjeongjeon was the main throne hall in Gyeongbokgung, and its court was the site for the state official ceremonies, such as king's enthronement, New Year's audiences, crown prince's investiture, auspicious ceremonies for prince, receptions for foreing envoys, and regular audiences. As for the state rituals, Joseon kings held 'Manggwollye(望闕禮)' which was a ritual performed looking toward the Chinese imperial palace from a distance, and accepting ceremony of imperial letters delivered by Chinese envoys, and received courtesy calls from all the court officials. In the case of ceremonies for receiving state guests called Billye, the king personally traveled to the Guest Hall of Peace( 太平館) to receive imperial delegation, while diplomats from neighboring countries like Japan and Ryukyu(current Okinawa) were received at the main throne hall.

enthronement 즉위
investiture 수여(임명)식
reception 접수처/ 환영 연회/ 환영/ (다리도 등의)접수 상태
imperial 제국의, 황제의
from a distance 멀리서
distance 거리/ 먼 곳
imperial letters 칙서
envoy 사절, 특사
courtesy calls 예방
courtesy 예의, 호의, 의례적인
call 전화/ 방문
state guests 국빈
Guest Hall 영빈관 = reception hall
delegation 대표단

In addition, Geonjeongjeon Hall accommodated the coming-of-age ceremony for crown prince, wedding rituals for queen and for crown princess, and investiture of high ranking officials. Also, the hall was the place where the royal banquets were held to celebrate the Royal Ancestral Rites of Jeongmyo Shrine, or other auspicious occasions of the state.

coming-of-age ceremony 성년식
occasion 때, 경우/ 행사, 의식

In the courtyard, the dynasty announced the royal messages, conductted the state examinations, released the list of the successful candidates, and threw parties paying respect to senior officials.

state examination 국가고시
release 풀어주다/ 공개(발표)하다
paying respect to ~에 경의를 표하다. ...를 존중하다
senior official 고관. 정부 고위층
senior 고위의

연장자, 손윗사람/ 상급자/ 상급 학생/ 성인

[]The Courtyard of Geunjeongjeon Hall

The yard of Geunjeongjeon Hall is called the royal court. The courtyard is covered with thin granite stone, bakseok, with the three-lane road installed in the center, and rank stones placed on both sides of the road.These small stones mark the assigned places of court officials according to their rankat state ceremonies. Civil officials stoodon the east side and military officials on the west side, facing each other.

품계석
royal court 조정
court 법원(법젇ㅇㄷ)/ (테니스)코트/ 궁궐(대궐)
granite [ˈɡrænɪt] 화강암
lane 길/ 도로/ 차선/ (경주, 수영 대회의)레인
court officials 조정 대신

When the royal celebrations were held in Geunjeongjeon, the king moved from his residence(Gangnyeongjeon Hall) to the council hall(Sajeongjeon Hall), passed through Sajeongmun Gate riding a sedan chair, and ascended to the throne in Geunjeongjeon. At that time, It seems that he entered Geunjeongjeon through the rear door and took a seat on the throne. The king held regular meetings with all the government officials in the court four times a month (on the 5th, 11th, 21st, and 25th days).

royal 국왕의/ 왕족
sedan chair 가마

Only on the royal court of the Geunjeongjeon compound, you can appreciate how solemn and awesome the thin stones out of the roughly hewn granite are. Rainy days may offer you special highlights to enjoy the watercourse flowing southward and drenching the granite stone surfaces near the south-eastern corridor.

solemn 엄숙한, 근엄한
awesome 경탄할 만한
hew (도구를 써서 큰것을)자르다
granite 그래니트 화강암
highlight 강조하다/ 가장 좋은(흥미로운)부분
watercourse 수로, 운하/ 물줄기
drench 흠뻑 적시다
corridor 복도, 회랑/ 통로
기단 stylobate

건축물 아래에 흙이나 돌을 쌓아 건축물을 주변의 지면보다 높혀주는 것을 말한다
a continuous base supporting a row of columns in classical Greek architecture

Then, what is the use of the iron rings stuck in the thin granite stones around the rank markers? Old European buildings had rings on their outer wallls to tie the bridle. Did they possibly have the same use with the European ones? When tourists are asked the question, most of them answer the rings might have been used to fasten the horse reins. According to old pictures and Uigwe(Royal Protocols), however, these rings were used to fix the marquee down to keep the sunlight off at the royal ceremonies. You will find them not only on the court, but on the pillars and the green horizontal beams of the hall.

박석고리

해 가리개용 차일을 칠 때 그 끈을 고정시켰던 것
근정전 기둥이나 창방에도 박혀있다
3품까지의 고위관리가 서는 위치까지만 발견된다

use 사용, 이용/ 용도, 쓰임새
stick 찌르다, 붙이다
bridle 굴레
fasten 매다 = tie
rein (복수로)고삐
재갈: 말을 부리기 위하여 아가리에 가로 물리는 가느다란 막대. 보통 쇠로 만들었는데 굴레가 달려 있어 여기에 고삐를 맨다.
고삐: 말이나 소를 몰거나 부리려고 재갈이나 코뚜레, 굴레에 잡아매는 줄.
굴레: 마소의 머리에 씌워 고삐에 연결한 물건
fix 고정시키다/ 수선하다
marquee [mɑːrˈkiː] 대형천막
royal ceremonies 왕실 의례
horizontal 수평의
창방 horizontal beam

공포가 구성되는 목조 건축물의 기둥머리에서 기둥과 기둥을 연결시켜주는 부재

[]Corridor Buildings of the Geunjeongjeon Compound

The royal court of Geunjeongjeon is surrounded with corridor buildings on all four sides. All corridor buildings except the northen one have dual corridor structure with pillars in the center. During King Gojong's reign, compartments made by panelling the space between the center pillars were used as offices and storages. Many compartments were made by attaching wooden panels to the center pillars and setting up doors. You will find traces of the doors on the center pilllars. The eastern corridor has Yungmunnu Tower(Tower of prospering literary arts) and the western one Yungmuru Tower(Tower of prospering martial arts). By installing the two towers on both sides, the dynasty materialized the balance of literary and martial arts and emphasized its importance in dealing with state business. Yungmunnu kept some public documents.

compartment 객실, 칸
materialize 실현하다. 구체화하다

Interestingly, the staff from Saheonbu(Office of the Inspector -General) would go up to Yungmunnu and Yungmuru, and oversee the officials attending the regular audiences. That is because the two towers are located in the middle of the array of court officials. Saheonbu was in charge of inspecting central and local administration, regulating officials' conduct and discipline and impeaching all the officials. In addition, Yungmunnu is the point where the king's carriages were positioned.

array 집합체/ 배열
oversee 감독하다
Inspector-General 감사관
inspect 점검(검사)하다/ 순시(사찰)하다. 사열하다
regulate 규제(통제, 단속)하다/ 조절(조정)하다
conduct (특정한 활동을)하다/ 지휘하다/ (장소를)안내하다/ 행동하다. 처신하다
discipline 훈련/ 기율, 기강, 질서/ 징계, 징벌
impeach 탄핵(비난, 고소)하다
In addition 게다가, 덧붙여
position 위치, 자리/ (특정한 위치에)두다, 배치하다

When you go to Sajeongjeon from the eastern corridor of Geunjeongjeon, or you see the eastern corridor and the western one from the platform of Geunjeongjeon, you will find another interseting fact on the corridor roofs. The level of the roof as a whole gets lower twice in accordance with the ground conditions. You can find the reason in the ground difference between the northern corridor and the southern one of the Geunjeongjeon compound. First, when the stone base of the corridor buildings gets one step down, it makes around 50 centimeter difference. The stone base has two-step down, and it leads to approximately one meter difference between the northen end and the southern one of the courtyard. Actually, you will not recognize the difference due to the slow slope of the Geunjeongjeon court, which ensures smoth draining. By cutting off the line of the roofs as well as the stone bases, the corridor roofs show changes in the flow and the height of the ground. This technique of handling rooflines was also applied to installing walls on the steep slopes in the same way, It is architectural exquisiteness that adds variations to lines that are likely to be dull and monotonous.

level 정도/ 수준/ (지면의)높이
ensure 보장하다
exquisiteness 정교함
exquisite (세공물 등이)정교한/ 아주 아름다운, 아주 훌륭한
variation 변화(차이)

[]Going up to the 'Woldae'

The center staircase leading to the stone platforms of Geunjeongjeon Hall , the royal steps, has dapdo(stepping stone), Dapdo literally means 'stone path the king takes steps on. Actually, the king passed over the dapdo on the royal steps, riding a sedan chair. The dapdo in front of Geunjeongjeon has a pair of Bonghwang(males were callled 'bong' and females 'hwang') flying around the clouds engraved on it. Bonghwang(Chinse phoenixes) are mystic creatures, nesting in the paulownia tree, eating bamboo fruits, and never hurting any living things. They are such auspicious birds that they show up only in the age of peace and prosperity. You can imagine that the bonghwang engraved on the royal step shows that the people prayed for a sage king to usher in the peaceful and prosperous era. When you see the carved birds still remaining in the same palace where they were a long time ago, you may think that the Joseon kings truly cared for his people. Otherwise, the birds still in expectation of the advent of peaceful reign may be lingering on a little longer. Unfortunately, the image of the birds is getting more and more blurred and currently in critical condition of disappearing in no time.

sedan chair (뚜껑이 없고 의자같이 된)가마
phoenixes 불사조
mystic 신비로운, 수수께끼같은/ 신비적인, 초자연적인
mythical 신화의/ 전설상의
creature 창조물/ 생물, 동물
paulownia [pɔ:lóuniə] 오동나무
auspicious bird 길조
sage [séidƷ] 슬기로운, 현명한
usher [ˈʌʃə(r)] 안내하다
in expectation of ~을 기대(예상)하여
linger 남다(계속되다). 더 오래 머물다
blur 흐릿하게 만들다/ (눈이)흐려지다
blurred 흐릿한, 희미한
critical condition 빈사상태, 위험한 상태
critical 비판적인/ 위태로운
in no time 당장에, 곧

On both sides of the bonghwang you can see the statues of haechi, and on the royal step you will find arabesque patterns engraved. The arabesque designs wished for an everlasting prosperity of the dynasty. It is said that on state ceremonies the upper stone platform held only 'dangsanggwan(palace-ascendable ministers)', and the lower plartform seated musicians.

hold 들다, 받치다/ (그릇에 액체등을)담다/ (방 등이 사람을)수용하다/ 개최하다
seat 앉다/ 않히다

Now, at this point would you turn around to face south toward Geunjeongmun Gate before moving to other places? You will feel that the royal court covered with thin granite stones is so stirring when overlooking the courtyard, and that the building layout on a straight line all the way down to Gwanghwamun Gate is so magnificent. You are now facing the south from the perspective of Joseon kings. The platform called 'woldae(moon watching stand)' in Korean literallly means the raised stand on which you can watch the moon. However, the 'woldae' involved architecturally symbolic significance that it raised the status of the building as the piled- up stylobate.

stirring 감동시키는, 고무하는/ 활발한, 번화한
stir 젓다, 썩다/ 약간 흔들다/ 자극하다, 마음을 흔들다
layout 배치
magnificent 웅장한/ 참으로 아름다운
perspective 관점, 시각/ 원근법/ (멀리서 바라보는)전망
stand 서다/ 태도/ 가판대/ (경기장)스탠드(관중석)/ (연주, 연석자가 올라서는)연단
architecturally 건축학상
stylobate [stáiləbèit] 대좌, 기단

[]Animal Statues on Newel Posts of the Stone Platform

The stone platforms of Geunjeongjeon have extraordinary decorations, compared to those of other buildings. Shall we take a close look at their designs? Geunjeongjeon has a double platform structure: the upper and the lower platforms. Large stone plinths surround the stone platforms. and lotus-shaped balusters support the octogonal railing stones. The lotus-shaped baluster is such a beautiful supporting stone with beaded jewels tied in the middle and two lotus petals carved in up-down symmetry.

compared to ~와 비교하여
plinth (기둥 동상 등을 올려놓는)주추
baluster [ˈbæləstə(r)] 난간을 받치는 작은 기둥
octogonal 8각형의
railing 난간, 가로장/ 레일, 궤도
beaded 구슬로 장식한
bead 구슬, 염부
symmetry [ˈsɪmətri] 대칭, 균형
up-down symmetry 상하 대칭

A number of animal statues are situated on newel posts of the upper and the lower platforms of Geunjeongjeon:

situate 놓다. 두다. 위치시키다
newel 엄지 기둥, 중심기둥
post 우편/ 기둥

First, four guardian animals representing each direction are carved in pairs on the newel posts of the four staircases belonging to the upper stone platform.

in pairs 둘씩 짝을 지어

Second, Chinese zodiac animals are also placed on the newel posts along the upper and the lower stone platforms. Among the twelve animal signs of Chinese zodiac, however, the rats and the horse are standing on their positions. some of them are out of place, and the dogs and the pigs are missing. Out of the carved animal signs, the rats representing the midnight are on the north, and the horses standing for the noon are on the south. Take a close look at the horses. They are so lovely since they look like adorable babies are blinking their eyes. The highlight of the zodiac animals, though, is the image of the monkey, Ahem, she is standing aloof as if she went through all the ups and downs of the world. You almost sympathize with her look, but you can not help but burst into laughter.

sign 부호, 기호/ 신호/ 표지, 표시/ 징후/ (동의어)zodiac
position 위치/ 자리, 제자리/ 입장
out of place 제자리에 있지 않는
represent 대표하다/ 나타내다
stand for ~을 나타내다. 상징하다
adorable 사랑스러운
blink 눈을 깜박이다
highlight 강조하다/ 두두러진 부분, 빛나는 장면, 인기물, 압권
Ahem [əhém] 으흠(관심을 끌려고 할때 헛기침)
stand aloof ~에서 떨어져 서다, 초연하다
aloof 멀리서, 떨어져서/ 쌀쌀한, 무관심한
ups and downs 오르내림, 기복, 고저, 성쇠
sympathize 동정하다. 측은히 여기다
can not help but do ~하지 않을 수 없다.
burst into 갑자기 ~하다
burst 터지다, 파열하다

Third, the haechi families are placed on both corners of the southern stone platform. Interestingly, they are doing their job faithfully as the king's guards in their positions. The babies look so cute being stuck to their mother. Are they sucking their mothers's breast? Through the statues you can glimpse into their loyal determination that they will guard the king from generation to generation. 'Hangyeonggiryak' introduced the animal family as dogs made of stone.

faithfully 충실히
king's guards 왕의 호위병
stick 찌르다, 찔리다, 박히다/ 붙이다, 달라붙다
glimpse 잠깐(언뜻)보다
loyal 충실한, 충성스러운
loyal determination 충실한 결의
determination 투지/ 결정
made of ~로 만든

Even though the stone statues on the Geunjeongjeon platforms clench their teeth, loosely pretending to be scary with such looks, you cannot find any grim scary appearance in these animals. Do you remember that on Yeongjegyo Bridge you already came across the humorous cheollok that caught you off guard in the serious environment? How hilarious it is to run into such a facial expression in a solemn place like the palace! There is no other way but to figure out that artisans with a good sense of humor created the work with the same expressions as their own. Artisans are supposed to do their work in accordance with their personal taste. The outcome is obvious that such artisans carved their artwork out of such stones.

clench (주먹을)꽉쥐다 (이를)악물다
grim 엄숙한/ 암울한
appearance 모습, 외모/ 나타남
caught you off guard 허를 찌르다, 방심을 틈타다
hilarious [hilέəriəs] 아주 우스운
run into ~와 충돌하다/ ~와 우연히 만나다
facial expression 얼굴 표정
solemn 엄숙한
figure out (단순히 알아내다 보다는)(곰곰히 생각해서)알아내다/ (어떤 내용을)이해하다

When you see some animal statues of Chinese or Japanese Palaces, you will be surprised with their bloody reality and actually get even trerrified. As a matter of fact, they should look scary so as to take a dignified shape and intimidate all the approachers to the palace. Granite stone is so hard and rough that you are likely to go against the grain of the stone when you try to make realistic, detailed description out of granite. Stonemasons of Joseon seem to have been quite aware of the stone features and have allowed the appearance as the rock wanted. The animal statues along Geunjeongjeon demonstrate their expertise that brought out not only crude and rough, but also warm quality from the most common stone found in Korean soil.

dignified 위엄있는/ 품위있는
intimidate 겁을 주다/ 위협하다
granite [ˈɡrænɪt] 화강암
rough 거친/ 대강의
go against the grain 기질에 맞지 않다. 자기 기호에 거스르다
grain 낟알, 곡물/ (목재)결
feature 특색, 특징/ 이목구비/ 특집기사
appearance 모습, 외모/ 나타남
demonstrate 시위하다/ 증명하다, 입증하다/ 나타내다, 보여주다, 설명하다
crude 천연 그대로의/ 조잡한, 거친

[]Incense Burner

Incense Burners are in the shape of the bulging belly, with three legs and two handles. When official ceremonies were held here, incense sticks were burned in these large cauldrons fixed on both corners of Geunjeongjeon. According to a picture taken in the early 1900s. these incense burners had lids.

Incense Burners 향로
bulge 가득차다, 불룩하다
bulging 튀어나온
belly 배, 둥그런 부분
cauldron 가마솥
incense 향,
incense 몹시 화나게하다

Buring incense is thought of as one of the ways for humans to communicate with the heaven. The three legs signify royal authority, dignity and wealth. Its three legs are patterned after 'sanye(lion-looking dragon)' who is fond of flames and smoke, and its rim has eight trigrams carved aroud the edges.

think of a as b a를b로 생각하다
signify 의미하다. 나타내다
authority 권위
royal authority 왕의 권위
dignity 위엄, 존엄
wealth 부
pattern 본떠서 만들다/ 무늬, 모양, 양식
looking (복합어를 이루어)..으로 보이는, ..한 얼굴을 한
flame 불꽃
trigram 괘

[]Deumeu

Next to the eastern and the western staircases of the lower stone platform, you will find deumeu, big water pots made of iron. Now the jar has the plastic lid placed over it for fear that some mindless visitors will toss trash into the pot, and you may have difficulty figuring out its use. Originally, deumeu in the palace buildings was a water container to put out fires when buildings were set on flames. Construction material during the Joseon Dynasty was mainly wood, which is quite vulnerable to fires, except for roof tiles and foundation footings. Furthermore, palace structure that buildings were connected with corridors made people even more worried about fires. The joseon people believed fire monsters came from the heaven. They wished that as a fire monster approached a building, it would get scared by its own monstrous reflection on the deumeu water and instantly fly away. The supprorting stones have a scorched trace which shows that the water was boiled to prevent the water from freezing. Also, it is said that they prepared red-bean porridge in the deumeu and shared the porridge on the winter solstice.

mindless 아무 생각 없는
pot 항아리, 단지
jar 병, 단지
use 사용. 이용/ 용도, 쓰임새
set on fire ~에 불을 지르다/ 흥분시키다. 격분시키다
vulnerable 취약한, 연약한
foundation 토대(기초)/ 설립/ 재단
footing 발을 디딤/ 기반(토대)
structure 구조, 건축물
reflection 반사/ (거울 등에 비친)상(모습)/ 심사숙고
scorch 그슬리다
red-bean porridge 팟죽
porridge 걸쭉하게 쑨 죽
solstice[sάlstəs] 동지, 하지, 지점(태양이 적도로 부터 북쪽 남쪽으로 가장 치우쳤을때)

[]Looking into Geunjeongjeon Hall

A Sing-story Structure with the Interior Open to the Second Floor

Geunjeongjeon is a two-story building when seen from the outside, but a single-story structure with the high ceiling. The ceiling is supported by higher internal columns, and the floor is covered with traditional bricks. You can notice this hall is a special space for state ceremonies, not an ordinary living space.

column [ˈkɑːləm] 기둥
brick 벽돌
notice (보거나 듣고)알다/ 주목하다
state ceremonies
ordinary 보통의, 일상적인, 평범한

Geunjeongjeon looks like a two-story building from the outside, but inside, it is a single-story structure with a high ceiling. The ceiling is held up by tall interior columns, and the floor is made of traditional bricks. You can tell that this hall is a special place for state ceremonies, not a ordinary living space.

interior 내부의

Seven-clawed Dragons.

With the center part of the ceiling raised a little to make a kind of canopy, small ancons were put together, and colorful decorations were put on to make a canopy ceiling. It is assumed that the canopy ceiling was originated from an umbrella unfolded for noble men. In the middle of the canopy ceiling, a pair of carved dragons are hanging close to the ceiling with small iron rings, displaying their vigorous spirit. The two wooden dragons are plated with gold and let people know that Geunjeongjeon Hall was a venue presided by the king who could wield unchecked absolute power.

canopy 덮개
put together 조립하다. 합치다
ancon 첨차/ 장식용 받침대/일반적으로 건물의 기둥 위와 다른 구조물에 장식적인 역할을 하며, 기둥이나 벽에 붙어서 구조를 지원하는 역할을 한다
assume 추정하다/ (권력을)맡다/ (양상을)띠다/ ..인척하다
originate (자) 비롯하다. 유래하다

(타)고안하다, 생각해 내다. 발명하다

hang (자)(타)걸리다. 걸다
vigorous 활발한, 활기찬
vigorous spirit 활기찬 기상
plate 접시/ 도금하다
preside 주재하다. 주도하다
wield 행사하다. 휘두르다
absolute power 절대 권력
check 살피다. 점검하다/ 억제하다. 억누루다

The center part of the ceiling is slightly raised to create a canopy shape. Small decorative brackets were assembled, and colorful ornaments were added to create a canopy ceiling. In the center of the ceiling, a pair of carved dragons hang close to the ceiling with small iron rings, showing their strong spirit. The two wooden dragons are covered in gold, signaling that Geunjeongjeon Hall was where the king, who held absolute power, exercised his authority.

brackets 받침대, 괄호, 버팀대/ 건축에서는 구조물이나 장식물의 지지 역할을 하는 받침, 또는 작식용 지지대

exercise 행사하다, 발휘하다/운동하다

근정전(Geunjeongjeon) 천정의 용 조각은 작은 철제 고리로 천장 가까이에 매달려 있습니다.

Dragons as a symbol of the king's status are invested with the great virtues in all respects. The dragon is described all the time as stern and forgiving as well, if only you do not go against its reverse scale. Legend has it that the dragon has 81 scales over its body. The number of eight-one means nine by nine equals 81(9*9=81). Nine is the highest yang number. Out of these 81 scales, the dragon has a reverse scale about 30 centimeters long stuck upward under its chin. Dragons keep dignity and generosity of the monarch in ordinary times. However, if someone accidently touches their reverse scale, it readily means death. That is all about how tough it is to convince the other party into something depending on who the other is. Also, that is referring to the risk one should take if one fails to do so. Especially, what if the other party is the king? Speaking of the reverse scale of the dragon one might get to touch with actions that went against king's intentions..! Throughout the Joseon Dynasty, scholar officials armed with upright mind and spirit had rather chosen death by touching the reverse scale and revived the vital soul of this country through their sacrifice, than just stayed without action for fear of getting to touch the reverse scale.

status 신분, 자격/ 지위
invest 투자하다/ 주다. 수여하다. 부여하다/ (어떤 성질 능력을)지니게 하다. 부여하다
great virtues 위대한 미덕, 위대한 덕목
stern 엄격한, 단호한
forgiving 너그러운
have it that ~에 따르면 ~이다
stick 찌르다. 박다/ 붙이다
dignity 위엄/ 품위
generosity 너그러움
ordinary time 여느때
accidently 우연히, 뜻하지 않게, 잘못하여
readily 기꺼이, 손쉽게/ 즉시
depending on ..에 따라
Speaking of ..에 관하여 말한다면, ..의 이야기라면
scholar officials 사대부
upright mind and spirit 곧은 심신
revive 되살리다/ 재공연하다
vital 생명의/ 필수적인, 극히 중요한/ 치명적인
soul 혼, 마음, 정신

According to legend, a dragon’s body has 81 scales.

Among these scales, the reverse scale is unique. It is about 30 centimeters long and protrudes upward beneath the dragon’s chin. Dragons usually symbolize the dignity and generosity of a monarch.

However, touching the dragon’s reverse scale symbolizes actions that go against the king’s wishes.

During the Joseon Dynasty, scholar-officials with strong moral convictions chose to risk their lives by "touching the reverse scale." They stood up to the king when necessary, even if it meant facing death, to protect their principles. Their sacrifices revived the spirit of the nation and upheld its values.

embody 구체화하다, 구현하다/ 상징하다, 포함하다.

certain 확실한, 틀림없는/ 어떤/ 약간의

stood up to 맞서다/대항하다

mean to 부정사와 동명사를 모두 목적어로 가능

mean to ~ 할 작정이다

mean ~ing ~을 의미하다, ~을 뜻하다

Dragons of the Geunjeongjeon ceiling are seven-clawed. From antiquity, dragons were classified by the number of their claws. Dragons as the symbol of the emperor or the king were five-clawed. So, you may not understand why seven-clawed dragons are placed in the hall of Joseon kings. Somebody might have put them on the ceiling to boost the morale of the Joseon people, which makes me a little delightful.

antiquity 고대/ 고대 유물
morale 사기
delightful 정말 기분 좋은, 마음에 드는

The dragons on the ceiling of Geunjeongjeon have seven claws. In ancient times, dragons were classified by the number of claws they had. Dragons that represented emperors or kings usually had five claws. Therefore, it may seem strange to see seven-clawed dragons in a hall meant for the kings of Joseon. Maybe they were put on the ceiling to encourage the people of Joseon, which is a thought that makes me feel happy.

Canopy

Above the throne of Geunjeongjeon, you will find a structure similar to the one placed over the statue of Buddha. The structure is a canopy, which is installed to emphasize the dignity of the royal authority. The canopy is brilliantly decorated with multi-layered wooden brackets. Also, under the brackets of the canopy you can see small poles, and on the ends of the small poles you will see carved lotus buds. That is the image of lotus buds submerged in water, the meaning of which is to prevent fires.

statue 조각상
structure 구조/ 구조물, 건축물
canopy 덮개
royal authority 왕의 권위
brilliantly 찬란하게, 훌륭히, 먹지게
multi-layered 다층
layered 층이 있는, 층을 이룬
bracket 까치발, 받침대
bud 싹, 꽃봉오리
submerge (자)잠수하다, 물속에 잠기다.

(타)물속에 잠그다. 물속에 넣다

In the year of 2000, Geunjeongjeon was under extensive repair. When its upper floor was dismantled, some artifacts were found along with the written prayer for the roof-raising ceremony. The ceremony was to finalize the whole procedures of the construction. Among the artifacts, the most interesting item was two sheets of red pater bearing the large '水 (water)' character composed of more than 1,000 small '龍(dragon)' characters. In addition, the artifacts included a picture of dragon drawn on the red paper with ink stick and five silver plates on which '水' characters were engraved along each side of the hexagonal plate. Writing '水' character composed of more than 1,000 '龍' characters was intended to ward off evil spirits to stop fire monsters through controling water with dragons. Dragons served as a symbol not only of royal authority, but also of as a control of water. Wooden structure is quite vulnerable to frequent fires. Ancestors of the Joseon period all these talismans as an amulet against fires, put them in a groove dug on the beam, and closed it with the lid on the roof-raising ceremony.

dismantle 분해하다. 해체하다
artifact 인공물, 공예품
along with ~와 함께
roof-raising ceremony 상량식
item 항목/ 물품
ward off 피하다. 물리치다
ward 병동, 병실, 감방

물리치다, 막다/ 병동 등에 수용하다

talisman 부적 A talisman is an object which you believe has magic powers to protect you or bring you luck.
amulet [ˈæmjʊlət] *불운 등을 막아주는)부적
groove 홈
dig 파다, 파내다

Ilwolobongbyeong Screen

The throne of the main hall is elevated high above the floor and has four staircases leading to the throne all around. The armrests and the back of the royal chair are exquisitely carved in brattishing style. Patterns of dragon, lotus and peony are used in carving. Behind the throne you will find the three-folded wooden screen in brattishing technique. The wooden screen is also patterned with dragons, lotuses and peonies.

throne 옥좌/ 왕위/ 왕위에 오르다
lead 안내하다. 이끌다/ (사물.장소로)연결되다
exquisitely 아주 아름답게/ 정교하게
brattishing 투각(조각에서 묘사할 대상의 윤곽만을 남겨놓고 나머지 부분을 파서 구멍이 나도록 조각하거나 윤관만을 파서 구멍이 나도록 만듦/ 뚫새김)
peony 모란
three-folded wooden screen 3단 나무 병풍
pattern (정형화된)양식, 패턴/ 무늬/

본떠서 만들다(on, upon, after)/ ..에 무늬를 넣다(with)

Ilwolobongbyeong Screen is put behind the three-folded wooden screen. It is also called Ilwolobongdo Painting in the form of the picture. Against the backdrop of blue sky, the white moon in the west and the red sun in the east are shining over the five mountain peaks. The screen is unfolding the two pine trees with red trunks, the splash created by cascades of falling water and the waves raging below the mountains. The sun and the moon grounded on the yin and yang principle can be expansively interpreted to mean the whole universe presided over by the king. Five mountain peaks as Mt. Gollyun(a legendary mountain in China) refers to the whole territory the king rules over. They can be applied to Mt. Baekdu in the north, Mt. Jiri in the south, Mt. Geumgang in the east, Mt. Myohyang in the west, and Mt. Bukhan in the center of the Korean Peninsula. The screen is depicting waves as a token of the court where the king would conduct state business, which was derived from the coincidence that the pronunciation of '潮(meaning of waves)' and that of '朝(the first character of 朝廷 which means the court) are the same. In short, the Ilwolobongdo Painting was based on indigenous faith in mountain gods.

backdrop 배경
mountain peak 산봉우리
unfold 펼치다/ 나타내다. 표명하다
splash (물이)철벅 떨어지다/ (물을)끼얹다/ (무속에서)첨벅거리다

철벅 철벅하는 소리/ 튀기기. 튀김

cascade 작은 폭포
rage 격노, 분노/ 격렬, 맹렬, 사나움/ 대유행

격노하다/ 날띠다/ 맹위를 떨치다

ground 땅위에 두다/ ..의 근거(기초)를 두다
expansively 팽창적으로/ 발전적으로/ 널따랗게
interpret 해석(이해)하다/ 통역하다
rule over 통치하다
apply 신청하다. 지원하다/ 적용하다, 응용하다/ 바르다, 대다/
token (화폐 대용)토큰/ 상풍권, 교환권/ 표시. 징표
conduct (특정한 활동을)하다/ 지휘하다/ 안내하다/ 행동하다/ 전도하다
state business 국가 사무
indigenous 고유의, 타고난
faith 믿음/ 신앙, 종교

Governing that enables hearty virtue of the king to steep all over the country just like the sunshine is referred to as 'virtuous governance'. The sun and the moon are shining over five mountain peaks day and night. Likewise, the painting wishes 'virtuous governance' will light up every nook and corner around the country day and night, and pray that the dynasty will thrive for eternity. The Ilwolobongbyeong Screen as the symbol of the royal authority was set up not just behind the throne of the main hall, but also in the council hall and in the divine chamber where kings' protraits were enshrined. Also, it followed the king anywhere he went, even when he proceeded outside the palace. The Ilwolobongdo is the best court painting drawn in folk painting style back in the Joseon Dynasty, using brilliant primary colors.

hearty 따뜻한
steep 가파른

(타)적시다, 담그다

(자)(물 등에)잠기다. (성분이)스며 나오다

is referred to as ~라고 불린다
virtuous governance 덕치
virtuous 도덕적인
virtue 선, 선행/ 덕목/ 장점
every nook and corner 구석 구석
nook 곳(구석)
divine 신선한
proceed (시작된 일을 계속)진행하다/ (특정 방향으로)나아가다. 이동하다
folk painting 민화
brilliant 훌륭한, 뛰어난, 눈부신
primary colors 원색

12.향원정

Hyangwonjeong Pavilion

On the way to Hyangwonjeong Pavilion, to the east side, you can see the National Folk Museum. The museum was built with ecletic structure, so it was not considered harmonizing with Gyeongbokgung Palace. However people accept the building as it is since it has been there for so many years.

After passing Hamhwadang and Jipgyeongdang Halls, if you see Hyangwonji Pond and impressive Mt. Bugak(formerly Baegak), you have already reached the northern end of the palace. At this point, you will want to find a bench to rest on.

When summer comes, the pond is full of lotus flowers. There is Chwihyanggyo Bridge connected to the pavilion. Just as the name of Chwihyang implies, it would be great to be intoxicated by the lotus fragrance.

How about sitting on a bench by the pond and enjoying the beautiful pavilion?. In the middle of the pond is a round islet, and on the islet is a two-story pavilion named Hyangwonjeong', surrounded by well-trimmed trees. It is a hexagonal structure with pivoted tile roof, finished with a pagoda top, which shows utmost beauty of pivoted roof. It was built all the more beautifully since the pavilion was dedicated to Queen Min by King Gojong.

Originally here was a small pavilion called 'Chwirojeong' built by King Sejo(1456). Then in the tenth year of King Gojong's reign (1873), when he was building Geoncheonggung Palace, he improved the landscape of back garden by making an artificial islet in the middle and by constructiong a hexagonal pavilion called 'Hyangwonjeong'. The name of 'Hyangwon' was taken from 'About Loving Lotus' by Zhou Dunyi(1017~1073, in China), which had a verse, 'The fragrance of lotus gets even more refreshing as it diffuses farther.

[]Intoxicated by Lotus Frgrance

Mt. Bugak located behind the Gyeongbokgung Palace with blue sky as its backdrop changes its landscape by the season and makes the beauty of Hyangwonjeong Pavilion stand out even more. If you stand in the south of Hyangwonji Pond, you can see a blue dragon symbolizing Mt. Bugak behind the Hyangwonjeong. The dragon has been watching Gyeongbokgung and the whole city of Hanyang surrounded by the four big gates. Near the top of Mt. Bugak, two boulders stick out, and they look like the glaring eyes of a dragon.

The bridge to enter Hyangwonjeong is Chwihanggyo Bridge. 'Chwihyang' means that the lotus fragrance is wafting far by the wind, and anyone who is watching the pavilion has already been intoxicated by the fragrance. Is there anything more delightful than this expression?

Chwihyanggyo was originally a bridge built to connect Geoncheonggung Palace to Hyangwonjeong, located to the north of Hyangwonjeong. However, it was destroyed during the Korean War. In 1953, for the convenience of visitors, it was rebuilt to the south of Hyangwonjeong instead of its original location. Recently, it has been restored to its original position. Previously, it was a flat bridge with stone piers and wooden railings, but now it has been restored as an arched wooden bridge.
The white Chwihyanggyo often seemed out of place with the Gyeongbokgung Palace landscape. However, this is actually how Chwihyanggyo originally looked.

The area around the pavilion was where the royals would relax and read. The edge of the pond used to be lined with oak trees.

Also, the islet has traces of stone bases where tents were pitched. The pavilion is a two-story structure: the first floor is a room with underfloor heating called 'ondol', and the second floor has a wooden floor. The ceiling of the second floor is decorated with lotus and phoenix patterns, making it extremely exquisite.

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[] A True Origin of the Han River

By the time we arrive at the northwest corner of Hyangwonji Pond, we get to see a spring called 'Yeolsangjinwon'. The name was engraved on the side of the spring cover, and its meaning was that 'this pond, Yeolsang, is a true origin of the Han River or Yeolsu'. The water from Mt. Bugak gathered in this spring and flowed into Hyangwonji Pond; then the pond water coursed to Yeongjecheon Stream, passed through Cheonggyecheon Strean, and ran into the Han River. Thus, the spring was symbolically seen as a true origin. If we approach the spring, we can see a small water container(cistern) with a peculiar shape. The structure of the water container was designed to slow the swift flow of water, leading it into a round dish, and to bend the waterway into the shape of the Korean character 'ㄱ', intended to make the pond extremely serene. Underneath the round dish, yin and yang symbols were engraved, so that the water would follow the shape of yin and yang and enter the pond. If we look carefully once again at the spring area, we can see a shallow duct engraved at the bottom of the stone to quiet the water flow. The Joseon people created tranquility by contemplating the silent landscape.".

spring 봄/ 용수철/ 샘
true origin 진원지
course (말 등이)뛰어다니다/ (액체가)빠르게 흐르다

강좌/ 과정/ 방향

Stream 시내, 개울, 강/ 흐름/ 연속
verge 가장자리/ 길가, 도로변

(태양이)지다/ 기울어지다(toward)/ (어떤 방향 상태로)향하다, 가까워지다(on, upon)

peculiar 특유한(고유한), 이상한
cistern 물탱크, 웅덩이(물이 고여있는 장소)
serene 고요한
quiet 조용해지다/ 진정시키다
quietude 정적, 고요
contemplating 응시하다/ 심사숙고하다
열상진원: 한강의 진짜 근원 이라는 뜻(한강을 다른 말로 열수 라고 함/ 열상은 한강의 북쪽 즉 서울 이라는 뜻)
Yin and Yang, which represent opposing but complementary forces in Chinese philosophy. Yin and Yang"**은 균형과 조화의 상징으로 잘 알려져 있으며, 이는 음과 양이 서로 상반되면서도 서로를 완성하는 개념으로, 다양한 문맥에서 사용됩니다
complementary 상호보완적인
원형 접시 아래에 새겨져 있는 음양 기호에 대한 구체적인 설명은 명시되어 있지 않지만, 일반적으로 음양 기호는 두 개의 반원이 서로 결합한 형태로 그려집니다. 각 반원 안에는 반대의 색깔과 작은 점이 들어가 있는 전통적인 형상을 가지고 있습니다.
음양 기호는 **양(陽)**과 **음(陰)**을 나타내는 상징으로, 이들 각각은 동적이고 상반된 성질을 가진 두 에너지를 표현합니다. 전통적으로 음양 기호는 상반된 에너지의 조화를 나타내기 위해 반대 방향으로 구부러진 두 부분을 사용합니다. 이런 구조는 자연의 조화와 균형을 상징하는 중요한 철학적 개념입니다.
따라서 "Underneath the round dish" 아래에 새겨진 음양 기호는 이 물 흐름이 자연의 균형과 조화를 상징적으로 따르도록 설계되었음을 나타냅니다.
추가적으로 예를 들어 설명:
음양 기호는: 두 개의 반원으로 나뉘어 있으며, 한쪽은 흰색(양), 다른 한쪽은 **검은색(음)**입니다.
각각의 반원 안에는 작은 점이 있으며, 이 점은 음과 양이 서로 내포된 관계임을 의미합니다.

이런 음양 기호가 원형 접시의 아래쪽에 새겨져 있다는 것은 물이 음양의 흐름을 따라 흘러 들어가도록 설계되었음을 상징적으로 나타냅니다.

[]The Beginning of Electricity in Korea

In the north of the pond is a small stone monument indicating that the area was where electricity was generated for the first time in Korea. On March 6, 1887, in the 24th year of King Gojong's reign, people in the palace officially celebrated lighting up 750 electric bulbs at Geoncheonggung Palace in Gyeongbokgung Palace. At that time, the electricity generating room was set up in the northern corridor building of Jangandang Hall in Geoncheonggung, and generated electric power with Hyangwonji Pond's water, thuy turned on light bulbs, and illuminated the area at night. Joseon's electricity inflow was two years earlier than those of China and Japan.

monument 기념물
celebrate 기념하다/ 축하하다
illuminate (~에 불을) 비추다/ 조명을 설치하다
inflow 유입
향원정 물을 끌어다 발전한 것이다. 즉 증기기관을 이용한 화력ㄹ발전 설비였다.
steam power generation 화력 발전
water power generation 수력 발전
nuclear power generation 원자력 발전

At that time people not only from inside the palace but also outside gathered to watch this wonderment , so the area was very clamorous. There were even some reports of court ladies suffering from insomnia due to the loud noise coming from the electric generator and the bright lights from the bulbs. Furthermore, the heated water after cooling the generator flowed back into the pond, causing fish to float with their belly up. Then the people worried that this was a bad omen for the dynasty's future. What people said was due to their ignorance of modern scientific knowledge, but in reality, the dynasty's future was indeed nearing its end, just as they had feared

wonderment 경탄, 경이
clamorous 떠들썩한, 시끄러운
suffer (질병, 슬픔 등에)시달리다, 고통받다

(부상을)겪다, 당하다

insomnia 불면증
omen (나쁜, 좋은)징조
ignorance 무지/ 무식
ignore 무시하다
substantially 실질적으로, 상당히
substance 물질/ 본질
be concerned about 명사 ~에 대하여 염려하다
be concerned with 명사 ~와 관련되다. ~에 관심이 있다.
사람들이 말한 것은 현대 과학 지식에 대한 무지에서 나온 것이었지만, 실제로는 그들이 우려한 대로 왕조의 미래가 실제로 끝나가고 있었다.

Bandit_Tour

2024년 12월 8일 일요일

the palaces